“…To fortify the novelty of this study, it is imperative to identify research gaps by reviewing existing literature [ [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] ]. While numerous studies have explored the impact of online learning and innovative pedagogies, there remains a gap in understanding the nuanced challenges faced in specific contexts, particularly in regions with limited ICT infrastructure [ 4 , 5 ] and ongoing civil strife [ 104 , 105 ], as education is a key component in reducing conflict [ 106 ].…”