All-condition economy evaluation method for fuel cell systems: System efficiency contour map

Gao, Weitao; Hu, Zunyan; Huang, Hongyan; Xu, Liangfei; Fang, Chuan; Li, Jianqiu; Wang, Cheng; Ouyang, Minggao

doi:10.1016/j.etran.2021.100127

Cited by 28 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In order to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions and combat global warming, LIBs have gained widespread use in the fields of electric vehicles and energy storage due to their high energy density, good cycle stability, and low self-discharge rate [1,2]. In recent years, TR has emerged as a major safety hazard for batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Runaway Characteristics and Gas Composition Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Different LFP and NCM Cathode Materials under Inert Atmosphere

Shen

Wang

et al. 2023

Electronics

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During thermal runaway (TR), lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) produce a large amount of gas, which can cause unimaginable disasters in electric vehicles and electrochemical energy storage systems when the batteries fail and subsequently combust or explode. Therefore, to systematically analyze the post-thermal runaway characteristics of commonly used LIBs with LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) cathode materials and to maximize the in situ gas generation during battery thermal runaway, we designed experiments using an adiabatic explosion chamber (AEC) under an inert atmosphere to test LIBs. Additionally, we conducted in situ analysis of the gas components produced during thermal runaway. Our research findings indicate that after thermal runaway, NCM batteries produce more gas than LFP batteries. Based on battery gas production, the degree of harm caused by TR can be ranked as follows: NCM9 0.5 0.5 > NCM811 > NCM622 > NCM523 > LFP. The primary gas components during thermal runaway for both NCM and LFP batteries include H2,CO,CO2,C2H4, and CH4. The gas produced by LFP batteries contains a high proportion of H2. The high concentration of H2 results in a lower flammability limit (LFL) for the gas generated by LFP batteries during TR compared to the mixed gas produced by NCM batteries. Therefore, in terms of battery TR gas composition, the order of hazard level is LFP > NCM811 > NCM622 > NCM523 > NCM9 0.5 0.5 0.5. Although experimental results show that LFP batteries have superior thermal stability and lower gas production during large-scale battery thermal runaway events, considering gas generation composition and thermal runaway products, the thermal runaway risk of LFP batteries may be higher than that of NCM batteries. Although LFP batteries are considered very safe, our research results have once again drawn researchers’ attention to LFP batteries. These gases can also serve as detection signals for battery thermal runaway warnings, providing a cautionary note for the future development of electrochemical energy storage and the renewable energy sector.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Runaway Characteristics and Gas Composition Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Different LFP and NCM Cathode Materials under Inert Atmosphere

Shen

Wang

et al. 2023

Electronics

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“…Additionally, the stack current is treated as a measured disturbance. Therefore, the simplified air compressor control system model for the EE-MPC is as follows: (5) in which, parameters used are described in Table 1.…”

Section: Surge-and Choke-constrained Awareness Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, the dynamic process of the system during step changes of target supply manifold pressure within the interval 1.59 × 10 5 -1.7×10 5 Pa are shown in Figure 6a,b. During step changes of supply manifold pressure, the mass flow exhibited minor fluctuations within 0.452 g s −1 at 19 s, and spent ≈1.0 s to recover to the set value, while the fluctuations of NLADRC and LADRC were 0.458 and 0.651 g s −1 , which took ≈1.8 and 3.7 s, respectively.…”

Section: Design Of the Improved Active Disturbance Rejection Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 4 ] Moreover, the excessive cathode pressure of fuel cell stack may increase air compressor power consumption, while the low pressure could obstruct oxygen diffusion and further affects the fuel cell system efficiency. [ 5 ] Therefore, the coordinated control of air compressor output flow and supply manifold pressure is essential for stability and lifespan of fuel cells. Nevertheless, the prevalent centrifugal compressors exhibit inherent instability in the form of surge or choke phenomenon, which are detrimental to the centrifugal air compressors' efficiency and lifetime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predictive Control Scheme for Fuel Cell Air Compressor Efficiency Enhancement with Surge‐ and Choke‐Constrained Awareness

Ye,

Zhong,

Shen

et al. 2024

Advcd Theory and Sims

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The efficiency and dynamic response of air compressors are crucial for stability and lifespan of hydrogen fuel cells. A predictive control scheme with surge‐ and choke‐constrained awareness is proposed to ensure safe and efficient operation of air compressors in this study. The proposed scheme consists of an efficiency enhancement model predictive control (EE‐MPC), and an improved active disturbance rejection control (IADRC). Surge‐ and choke‐constrained awareness is achieved by comparing predicted air flow with surge and choke limitations. Simultaneously, the EE‐MPC is constrained with oxygen excess ratio (OER) and obtains optimal solution by searching active set. The reference flow and supply manifold pressure trajectories for IADRC are generated by EE‐MPC. A designed piecewise differentiable nonlinear smoothing function is embedded in IADRC. The disturbances are estimated for coordinating flow and pressure control. Under China heavy‐duty commercial vehicle test cycle for bus conditions, root‐mean‐squared errors (RMSEs) of flow and pressure are 3.27 g s−1 and 1.88 × 103 Pa, respectively, and the mean efficiency can be enhanced by 13.4% compared to the MPC with fixed OER. Finally, a controller hardware‐in‐the‐loop test is conducted, with flow and pressure RMSEs of 2.48 g s−1 and 4.28 × 103 Pa between the test and simulation, respectively.

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“…This allows PEMFC to be suitable for diverse transportation applications, e.g., hybrid/plug-in hybrid vehicles [3,4], heavy-duty trucks [1], buses [5], trains [6], ships [7]. However, the large-scale commercialization of PEMFC still has to face the challenges of durability improvement and cost reduction [8]. For instance, the durability of fuel cells used for low-duty automotive is currently less than 5,000 hours, while the ultimate goal is targeted at 8,000 hours by 2025 [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fusion prognostics strategy for fuel cells operating under dynamic conditions

Wang

Dou

et al. 2022

eTransportation

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All-condition economy evaluation method for fuel cell systems: System efficiency contour map

Cited by 28 publications

References 22 publications

Thermal Runaway Characteristics and Gas Composition Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Different LFP and NCM Cathode Materials under Inert Atmosphere

Thermal Runaway Characteristics and Gas Composition Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Different LFP and NCM Cathode Materials under Inert Atmosphere

Predictive Control Scheme for Fuel Cell Air Compressor Efficiency Enhancement with Surge‐ and Choke‐Constrained Awareness

A fusion prognostics strategy for fuel cells operating under dynamic conditions

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