All-fiber upconversion high spectral resolution wind lidar using a Fabry-Perot interferometer

Multifunctional lanthanide-based upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), which feature efficiently convert low-energy photons into high-energy photons, have attracted considerable attention in the domain of materials science and biomedical applications. Due to their unique photophysical properties, including light-emitting stability, excellent upconversion luminescence efficiency, low autofluorescence, and high detection sensitivity, and high penetration depth in samples, UCNPs have been widely applied in biomedical applications, such as biosensing, imaging and theranostics. In this review, we briefly introduced the major components of UCNPs and the luminescence mechanism. Then, we compared several common design synthesis strategies and presented their advantages and disadvantages. Several examples of the functionalization of UCNPs were given. Next, we detailed their biological applications in bioimaging and disease treatment, particularly drug delivery and photodynamic therapy, including antibacterial photodynamic therapy. Finally, the future practical applications in materials science and biomedical fields, as well as the remaining challenges to UCNPs application, were described. This review provides useful practical information and insights for the research on and application of UCNPs in the field of cancer.

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“…[ 51 ] 20%Yb 0.2%Tm 540 Ref. [ 38 ] 20%Yb 2%Ho 541 Ref. [ 38 ] β-NaYF 4 25%Yb 0.3%Tm 20%Yb, 2%Er 450 520 653 Ref .…”

Section: The Fundamentals Of Ucnp Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 38 ] 20%Yb 2%Ho 541 Ref. [ 38 ] β-NaYF 4 25%Yb 0.3%Tm 20%Yb, 2%Er 450 520 653 Ref . [ 52 ] 475 540 Li + doped β-NaYF 4 20%Yb 0.5%Tm 452, 479 650 Ref.…”

Section: The Fundamentals Of Ucnp Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress in the development of upconversion nanomaterials in bioimaging and disease treatment

et al. 2020

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“…SNSPDs exhibit excellent performance of high photon detection efficiency (PDE), low dark count rate (DCR) and low timing jitter [3][4][5], however, the requirement of cryogenic conditions limits the use for practical applications. Up-conversion SPDs exhibit moderate performance, and recently have been used for lidar experiments [6][7][8][9]. Compared with the above detectors, InGaAs/InP SPADs have relatively poor performance, however, such detectors are widely used in practical applications due to their advantages of small size and low cost [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fully integrated free-running InGaAs/InP single-photon detector for accurate lidar applications

Shangguan

Xia

et al. 2017

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We present a fully integrated InGaAs/InP negative feedback avalanche diode (NFAD) based free-running single-photon detector (SPD) designed for accurate lidar applications. A freepiston Stirling cooler is used to cool down the NFAD with a large temperature range, and an active hold-off circuit implemented in a field programmable gate array is applied to further suppress the afterpulsing contribution. The key parameters of the free-running SPD including photon detection efficiency (PDE), dark count rate (DCR), afterpulse probability, and maximum count rate (MCR) are dedicatedly optimized for lidar application in practice. We then perform a field experiment using a Mie lidar system with 20 kHz pulse repetition frequency to compare the performance between the free-running InGaAs/InP SPD and a commercial superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD). Our detector exhibits good performance with 1.6 Mcps MCR (0.6 µs hold-off time), 10% PDE, 950 cps DCR, and 18% afterpulse probability over 50 µs period. Such performance is worse than the SNSPD with 60% PDE and 300 cps DCR. However, after performing a specific algorithm that we have developed for afterpulse and count rate corrections, the lidar system performance in terms of range-corrected signal (Pr 2 ) distribution using our SPD agrees very well with the result using the SNSPD, with only a relative error of ∼2%. Due to the advantages of low-cost and small size of InGaAs/InP NFADs, such detector provides a practical solution for accurate lidar applications.

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“…The double-edge technique for Doppler lidar has favorable application prospects in the wind field [4]. Comparing with direct detection Doppler lidar, CWL or upconversion Doppler lidar has its own advantages in stability [5,6]. CWL likewise has satisfactory application potential on account of its high accuracy compared to the wind cup anemometer; moreover, it can easily obtain two-dimensional or three-dimensional wind field information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Cell-Ratio Constant False-Alarm Rate Method in Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar

Zhu

Gao

et al. 2016

Atmosphere

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A cell-ratio constant false-alarm rate (CR-CFAR) method for detecting the Doppler frequency shift is proposed to improve the accuracy of velocity measured by coherent Doppler wind lidar (CWL) in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments. The method analyzes the spectrum to solve issues of weak signal submergence in noise encountered in the widely used periodogram method. This characteristic is that the signal region slope is larger than the noise region slope in the frequency spectrum. We combined the ratio and CFAR to propose the CR-CFAR method. The peak area is discriminated from the spectrum using this method. By removing background noise, the peak signal is obtained along with the Doppler shift. To verify the CR-CFAR method, a campaign experiment using both CWL and a commercial Doppler lidar was performed in Hami, China (42 • 32 N, 94 • 03 E) during 1-7 June 2016. The results showed that the proposed method significantly improved the reliability of CWL data under low SNR conditions. The height-at which both horizontal wind speed correlativity and horizontal wind direction correlativity exceeded 0.99-increased by 65 m. The relative deviation of the horizontal wind speed at 120 m decreased from 40.37% to 11.04%. We used the CR-CFAR method to analyze continuous data. A greater number of wind field characteristics were obtained during observation compared to those obtained using the common wind field inversion method.Atmosphere 2016, 7, 165 2 of 17 Significant progress on all-fiber coherent Doppler lidar has been made in recent years [7]. In 2007, Kameyama et al. developed an all-fiber coherent Doppler lidar in which the pulse width at a wavelength of 1.5 µm is variable and the range resolution is 150 m [8]. In 2009, LEOSPHERE developed a commercial wind lidar that can determine the wind field in near real time [9,10]. A continuous laser is used in the lidar, and the detection range and resolution are 200 m and 7 m, respectively.In principle, a pulse laser is preferred for detecting the wind field. In previous work, the present authors focused on developing CWL using pulse laser to industrialize it. Meanwhile, an all-fiber coherent Doppler wind lidar was proposed by Diao et al. in 2014 with a measurement range of 3 km and 0.2 m/s accuracy [11]. In addition, Bu et al. presented campaign observation using a proposed CWL and sounding balloon in 2015. The measurement results from CWL were compared with soundingand pilot-balloon measurements. The stability and reliability of that CWL were proven [12].The emitted light of the CWL interacts with atmospheric aerosol particles and the echo signals received by the telescope carrying the Doppler frequency shift. The wind information is thereby obtained. Doppler frequency shift discrimination is the most important step in data processing of CWL lidars because inversion of wind data relies on the Doppler frequency shift. Currently, several Doppler frequency extraction algorithms are widely used in CWL systems. These algorithms include the complete synchronization digital f...

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All-fiber upconversion high spectral resolution wind lidar using a Fabry-Perot interferometer

Cited by 45 publications

References 30 publications

Recent progress in the development of upconversion nanomaterials in bioimaging and disease treatment

Recent progress in the development of upconversion nanomaterials in bioimaging and disease treatment

Fully integrated free-running InGaAs/InP single-photon detector for accurate lidar applications

Applications of Cell-Ratio Constant False-Alarm Rate Method in Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar

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