All sibdgenomic mRNAs of equine arteritis virus contain am common leader sequence

Vries, Antoine A.F. de; Chirnside, E. D.; Bredenbeek, Peter J.; Gravestein, Loes A.; Horzinek, Marian C.; Spaan, Willy J. M.

doi:10.1093/nar/18.11.3241

Cited by 119 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 36 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

106

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…EAV produces a nested set of six sg mRNAs (10,13) to express the seven genes that are located downstream of the replicase gene. At least six of these genes encode structural proteins (14,54).…”

Section: Equine Arteritis Virus (Eav)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At least six of these genes encode structural proteins (14,54). The sg mRNAs are not only 3Ј-coterminal but also share a common 5Ј leader sequence of 211 nucleotides (nt), which is derived from the 5Ј end of the genome (9,13). Nidovirus discontinuous transcription is still only partially understood, but it has become clear that a conserved transcription-regulating sequence (TRS) plays an essential role (65).…”

Section: Equine Arteritis Virus (Eav)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Predicted Metal-Binding Region of the Arterivirus Helicase Protein Is Involved in Subgenomic mRNA Synthesis, Genome Replication, and Virion Biogenesis

Dinten

Tol

Gorbalenya

et al. 2000

J Virol

100

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Equine arteritis virus (EAV), the prototype Arterivirus, is a positive-stranded RNA virus that expresses its replicase in the form of two large polyproteins of 1,727 and 3,175 amino acids. The functional replicase subunits (nonstructural proteins), which drive EAV genome replication and subgenomic mRNA transcription, are generated by extensive proteolytic processing. Subgenomic mRNA transcription involves an unusual discontinuous step and generates the mRNAs for structural protein expression. Previously, the phenotype of mutant EAV030F, which carries a single replicase point mutation (Ser-24293Pro), had implicated the nsp10 replicase subunit (51 kDa) in viral RNA synthesis, and in particular in subgenomic mRNA transcription. nsp10 contains an N-terminal (putative) metal-binding domain (MBD), located just upstream of the Ser-24293Pro mutation, and a helicase activity in its C-terminal part. We have now analyzed the N-terminal domain of nsp10 in considerable detail. A total of 38 mutants, most of them carrying specific single point mutations, were tested in the context of an EAV infectious cDNA clone. Variable effects on viral genome replication and subgenomic mRNA transcription were observed. In general, our results indicated that the MBD region, and in particular a set of 13 conserved Cys and His residues that are assumed to be involved in zinc binding, is essential for viral RNA synthesis. On the basis of these data and comparative sequence analyses, we postulate that the MBD may employ a rather unusual mode of zinc binding that could result in the association of up to four zinc cations with this domain. The region containing residue Ser-2429 may play the role of "hinge spacer," which connects the MBD to the rest of nsp10. Several mutations in this region specifically affected subgenomic mRNA synthesis. Furthermore, one of the MBD mutants was replication and transcription competent but did not produce infectious progeny virus. This suggests that nsp10 is involved in an as yet unidentified step of virion biogenesis.Equine arteritis virus (EAV) (17) is the prototype of the Arteriviridae, a recently established family of positive-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses (for reviews see references 47 and 53). The other three members of the Arteriviridae are Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). Based on their presumed common ancestry (7), the arteriviruses have been united with the coronaviruses in the order of the Nidovirales. Important common properties of nidoviruses (Fig. 1) are the presence of a unique array of conserved domains in the viral replicase, the use of ribosomal frameshifting and proteolytic processing to regulate replicase gene expression, and the use of discontinuous transcription to generate a nested set of subgenomic (sg) mRNAs for structural protein expression (for reviews see references 15, 35, and 53).The EAV nonstructural proteins are generated by proteolytic processing of two large replica...

show abstract

Section: Equine Arteritis Virus (Eav)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Equine Arteritis Virus (Eav)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Predicted Metal-Binding Region of the Arterivirus Helicase Protein Is Involved in Subgenomic mRNA Synthesis, Genome Replication, and Virion Biogenesis

Dinten

Tol

Gorbalenya

et al. 2000

J Virol

100

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These are subsequently cleaved by virus-encoded proteases to yield at least 12 nonstructural proteins, including the viral RdRp (reviewed in reference 24). In addition, a set of subgenomic mRNAs, collectively expressing the viral structural proteins, are produced through a process of discontinuous mRNA transcription (5,8,14,16). This process has not been unraveled completely and may occur during plus-or minus-strand synthesis (reviewed in references 9, 23, and 26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Kissing Interaction between 3′ Noncoding and Coding Sequences Is Essential for Porcine Arterivirus RNA Replication

Verheije

Olsthoorn

Kroese

et al. 2002

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We used an infectious cDNA clone of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to investigate the presence of essential replication elements in the region of the genome encoding the structural proteins. Deletion analysis showed that a stretch of 34 nucleotides (14653 to 14686) within ORF7, which encodes the nucleocapsid protein, is essential for RNA replication. Strand-specific reverse transcription-PCR analysis of viral RNA isolated from transfected BHK-21 cells revealed that this region is required for negative-strand genomic RNA synthesis. The 34-nucleotide stretch is highly conserved among PRRSV isolates and folds into a putative hairpin. A 7-base sequence within the loop of this structure was suggested to base-pair with a sequence present in the loop of a hairpin located in the 3 noncoding region, resulting in a kissing interaction. Mutational analyses confirmed that this kissing interaction is required for RNA replication.Positive-strand RNA viruses replicate in infected cells by a process that is mediated by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In this process, genomic RNA serves as a template for the production of negative-strand antigenomic RNA, which is used in turn as a template for the synthesis of new plus strands. The process of replication requires the recruitment of the RdRp to specific sequences or structures within the templates, also known as cis-acting replication elements. These elements are usually located in the noncoding regions at the termini of the viral RNA, where RdRp complexes initiate the synthesis of plus and minus strands (2). Only a few examples are known of cis-acting replication elements that reside within a coding region (7,10,11,20).Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Arteriviridae family (reviewed in reference 24), together with Equine arteritis virus (EAV), Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), and Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) (17). On the basis of their similar genomic organization and replication strategy, the arteriviruses have been grouped into the order of Nidovirales together with the coronaviruses and the toroviruses (3).The genome of PRRSV is 15.1 kb (17), of which the 5Ј two-thirds is translated into two large polyproteins. These are subsequently cleaved by virus-encoded proteases to yield at least 12 nonstructural proteins, including the viral RdRp (reviewed in reference 24). In addition, a set of subgenomic mRNAs, collectively expressing the viral structural proteins, are produced through a process of discontinuous mRNA transcription (5,8,14,16). This process has not been unraveled completely and may occur during plus-or minus-strand synthesis (reviewed in references 9, 23, and 26). Besides the coding regions, the PRRSV genome contains a 5Ј untranslated region (5ЈUTR) of 221 nucleotides (nt) (24), which carries a cap at its 5Ј end (15, 21), and a 3ЈUTR of 114 nt to which the poly(A) tail is attached (17).Little is known about the requirements for arterivi...

show abstract

“…A 3'-coterminal nested set of viral subgenomic mRNAs (sg mRNA) are generated in the replication cycle for the virus in this order. The sg mRNAs all contain a leader sequence derived from the 5' end of the viral genome [7,18]. The leader sequences are connected to the mRNA bodies by a short, conserved sequence that has been identified in different arterivirus mRNAs, including EAV [6], LDV [3], SHFV [9,24] as well as PRRSV [13,14].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Leader-Body Junction Sequence of the Viral Subgenomic mRNAs of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolated in Taiwan.

Lin

Chang

Chueh

2002

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

All sibdgenomic mRNAs of equine arteritis virus contain am common leader sequence

Cited by 119 publications

References 36 publications

The Predicted Metal-Binding Region of the Arterivirus Helicase Protein Is Involved in Subgenomic mRNA Synthesis, Genome Replication, and Virion Biogenesis

The Predicted Metal-Binding Region of the Arterivirus Helicase Protein Is Involved in Subgenomic mRNA Synthesis, Genome Replication, and Virion Biogenesis

Kissing Interaction between 3′ Noncoding and Coding Sequences Is Essential for Porcine Arterivirus RNA Replication

Leader-Body Junction Sequence of the Viral Subgenomic mRNAs of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolated in Taiwan.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About