All-Solid-State Potassium Polymer Batteries Enabled by the Effective Pretreatment of Potassium Metal

Abstract

K metal disk electrodes, prepared by putting a chunk of K metal in a 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) solution containing potassium bis-(fluorosulfonyl)amide (KFSA) and 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide (DTD), exhibited suppressed polarization and interfacial resistance in continuous metal stripping−deposition reactions of a symmetric half-cell comprising a cross-linked polymer electrolyte. This simple and effective pretreatment process enhances passivation layer formation, enabling fabrication of the first 3 V-class all-solid-state K-ion battery operated at room temperature.

Application of P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 Electrode to All-Solid-State 3 V Sodium(-Ion) Polymer Batteries

“…Sodium bis­(fluorosulfonyl)­amide (NaFSA, > 99.7%, Solvionic), NaPF 6 (battery grade, >99%, [H 2 O] < 30 ppm, Kishida Chemical), propylene carbonate (battery grade, >99.5%, [H 2 O] < 50 ppm, Kishida Chemical), N -methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP, dehydrated, >99.0%, [H 2 O] < 50 ppm, Kanto Chemical), acetonitrile (AN, >99.8%, super dehydrated, Wako Chemical), heptane (dehydrated, Kanto Chemical), Na metal (lump in kerosene, >99.0%, Kanto Chemical), poly­(ethylene oxide) (PEO, M v ∼ 600,000, Aldrich), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF, #9100, Kureha), Ketjen black (KB, EC600JD, Lion Specialty Chemicals Co. Ltd.), acetylene black (AB, Denka Black Li-400, Denka Co. Ltd.), vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF-H, Showa Denko), commercial hard carbon (Carbotron P­(J), Kureha), Na 2 CO 3 (>99.8%, Nacalai Tesque), Ni­(OH) 2 (>95.0%, Wako Chemical), MnCO 3 (>99.9%, Aldrich), aluminum isopropoxide (Wako Chemical), dipropylenglycol (>95.0%, Wako Chemical), 28 wt % ammonia aqueous solution (Wako chemical), and ethanol (dehydrated, Kanto Chemical) were used as received. Poly­[ethylene oxide- co -2-(2-methoxyethoxy)­ethyl glycidyl ether] was kindly supplied by Osaka Soda , and labeled as P­(EO/MEEGE) (EO: ethylene oxide, MEEGE: 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)­ethyl glycidyl ether). − The chemical structure of the polymers, PEO and P­(EO/MEEGE), used in this study are specified in the scheme given in Figure a.…”

Electrolyte Design Strategies for Non-Aqueous High-Voltage Potassium-Based Batteries

“…The development of SSEs is motivated by the demand for safer and more flexible cells, especially in the presence of metal-based electrodes, where the natural high mechanical strength of SSEs effectively suppresses the dendrite growth [ 62 , 63 , 64 ]. In this regard, several SSEs have been reported for PMBs, including gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), composite gel polymer electrolytes (CGPEs), and crystalline organic electrolytes (COEs) [ 65 , 66 , 67 ].…”

Coupling Low‐Tortuosity Carbon Matrix with Single‐Atom Chemistry Enables Dendrite‐Free Potassium‐Metal Anode

“…While studies on K metal anode are still in their infancy, several states‐of‐art protocols have been exploited to overcome the afore‐mentioned issues. Some of the examples include the electrolyte optimization by regulating salts and solvents, [ 19,20 ] construction of 3D host scaffolds, [ 21,22 ] application of solid‐state electrolyte, [ 23 ] and artificial SEI/protective layers. [ 24,25 ] Among them, in situ and ex situ construction of SEI effectively pushed forward K anode engineering technique and alleviated certain aspects of the problems, while, the concept of reinforcing SEI falls short of the required electrode's ability that restrain the huge electrode volume change to prevent recurring dendrite‐related issues during long‐term cycling.…”

“…Although lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are ubiquitous in commercial applications ranging from low-powered wearables and medium-powered computing to megawatt-scale stationary storage, the abundance of lithium resources is limited in the construction of 3D host scaffolds, [21,22] application of solid-state electrolyte, [23] and artificial SEI/protective layers. [24,25] Among them, in situ and ex situ construction of SEI effectively pushed forward K anode engineering technique and alleviated certain aspects of the problems, while, the concept of reinforcing SEI falls short of the required electrode's ability that restrain the huge electrode volume change to prevent recurring dendriterelated issues during long-term cycling.…”