All vapor-deposited lead-free doped CsSnBr3 planar solar cells

Moghe, Dhanashree; Wang, Lili; Traverse, Christopher J.; Redoute, Adam; Sponseller, Melany; Brown, Patrick R.; Bulović, Vladimir; Lunt, Richard R.

doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.09.009

Cited by 162 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…[12,13] In an attempt to improve the PCE, research efforts have been directed towards optimization of the tin-perovskite film morphology, tuning the film composition, use of a reducing agent, and modification of the device structure. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] The main challenges for further improving the PCE lie in preventing the easy formation of Sn vacancies due to their small formation energy and the fast oxidation of divalent Sn 2+ into more stable Sn 4+ . This causes high levels of self-p-doping in Sn-based perovskite films, with consequent severe recombination losses for charge carriers.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201702019mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, attempts to reduce the background carrier (hole) density have been made by incorporating SnF 2 into such films to fill tin vacancies and suppress oxidation of Sn 2+ . [14][15][16][17] For example, Mathews and co-workers reported the use of cesium tin iodide (CsSnI 3 ) and formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI 3 ) as light absorbers in an The low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of tin-based hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPSCs) is mainly attributed to the high background carrier density due to a high density of intrinsic defects such as Sn vacancies and oxidized species (Sn 4+ ) that characterize Sn-based HPSCs. Herein, this study reports on the successful reduction of the background carrier density by more than one order of magnitude by depositing near-single-crystalline formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI 3 ) films with the orthorhombic a-axis in the out-of-plane direction.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201702019mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly Reproducible Sn‐Based Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells with 9% Efficiency

Shao

Liu

Portale

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

807

778

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The low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of tin‐based hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPSCs) is mainly attributed to the high background carrier density due to a high density of intrinsic defects such as Sn vacancies and oxidized species (Sn4+) that characterize Sn‐based HPSCs. Herein, this study reports on the successful reduction of the background carrier density by more than one order of magnitude by depositing near‐single‐crystalline formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3) films with the orthorhombic a‐axis in the out‐of‐plane direction. Using these highly crystalline films, obtained by mixing a very small amount (0.08 m) of layered (2D) Sn perovskite with 0.92 m (3D) FASnI3, for the first time a PCE as high as 9.0% in a planar p–i–n device structure is achieved. These devices display negligible hysteresis and light soaking, as they benefit from very low trap‐assisted recombination, low shunt losses, and more efficient charge collection. This represents a 50% improvement in PCE compared to the best reference cell based on a pure FASnI3 film using SnF2 as a reducing agent. Moreover, the 2D/3D‐based HPSCs show considerable improved stability due to the enhanced robustness of the perovskite film compared to the reference cell.

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Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201702019mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201702019mentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Reproducible Sn‐Based Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells with 9% Efficiency

Shao

Liu

Portale

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

807

778

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[141] Specially, with regard to Sn 2+ -containing perovskite NCs (e.g., CsSnX 3 ) and related devices, progress was strongly hampered by the transforming from Sn 2+ to Sn 4+ because Sn 2+ can easily be oxidized into Sn 4+ under ambient conditions. An in-situ protective strategy including introduction of reducing reagent such as tri-n-octylphosphine and hypophosphorous acid, [72,142] as well as additives like SnF 2 and SnBr 2 , [143][144][145][146] can improve the oxygen resistance and increase the stability under operating conditions. [64,110,142] In this case, the conventional coating technique to great extent cannot work efficiently.…”

Section: Stability Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fully‐Inorganic Trihalide Perovskite Nanocrystals: A New Research Frontier of Optoelectronic Materials

2017

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All-inorganic trihalide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are emerging as a new class of superstar semiconductors with excellent optoelectronic properties and great potential for a broad range of applications in lighting, lasing, photon detection, and photovoltaics. This article provides an up-to-date review on the developments of fully-inorganic trihalide perovskite NCs by emphasizing their controllable solution fabrication strategies, structural phase transformation, tunable optoelectronic properties, stability, as well as their photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. Among the properties to be surveyed, particular focus is on the size-, shape-, and composition-dependent photoluminescence properties. Finally, by identifying new challenges, suggestions are provided for further research and potential development of this area.

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“…Mixed-halide and mixed-cation perovskites have been investigated to address these issues. [23,[33][34][35][37][38][39][40] In addition, the easy oxidation of Sn and Ge from the +2 state to the +4 state due to their high energy 5s and 4s orbitals makes them less promising for application in stable and long-term PSCs. However, the device performance through this approach has fallen short of the Pb-based ones.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress of Lead‐Free Halide Double Perovskites

Igbari

Wang

Liao

2019

Advanced Energy Materials

392

305

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Although impressive performance has been obtained, PSCs are still far from commercial or real-life availability due to serious issues such as toxicity [15,16] and poor stability to heat, [17] oxygen, [18] moisture, [19,20] electric field, [21] and light. [18,22] The toxic nature of hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites has been traced to the presence of Pb in its chemical composition. [15,16,[23][24][25] Pb 2+ readily dissolves in water (e.g., rain water) to form a toxic solution capable of causing serious environmental pollution, harmful to human beings and the ecosystem. Besides their sensitivity to moisture, oxygen, light, electric field, or thermal stress, an existing self-degradation pathway [26,27] is also a big issue in hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites. Mixed-halide and mixed-cation perovskites have been investigated to address these issues. [28][29][30][31][32] The group IV elements, tin (Sn) [23,[33][34][35] and germanium (Ge), [34,36] have been employed as the replacements for Pb. However, the device performance through this approach has fallen short of the Pb-based ones. For example, the PCEs reported for Sn-based perovskite solar cells are usually less than 10%. [23,[33][34][35][37][38][39][40] In addition, the easy oxidation of Sn and Ge from the +2 state to the +4 state due to their high energy 5s and 4s orbitals makes them less promising for application in stable and long-term PSCs. [41] High throughput calculations also demonstrate that these substitutions are likely to compromise the ideal optoelectronic properties of MAPbI 3 . [42,43] Furthermore, low dimensional (e.g., 2D, 1D, and 0D) perovskites have also been used to address the stability issues in PSCs. [44][45][46][47][48] Recently, a stabilized PCE of 21.7% resulting from a 2D/3D bilayer PSC was reported. [49] However, the highest certified PCE in a 2D-only planar PSC is 15.3%, [50] which is far below that of their 3D perovskite-based counterparts. It thus stimulates the interest to develop new classes of materials which can solve the issues of toxicity and stability while still maintaining the fascinating properties of lead-based perovskite materials.Recent theoretical calculations demonstrate that a halide double perovskite structure, A 2 B′B″X 6 , which could be formed through a replacement of two toxic Pb 2+ in the crystal lattice with a pair of nontoxic heterovalent (i.e., monovalent and trivalent) metal cations, is a promising alternative to realize high-performance, lead-free, and stable PSCs. [51,52] Although, spectroscopic limited maximum efficiency (SLME) calculations revealed an efficiency limit less than 8% for the most prominent member www.advancedsciencenews.com double perovskites with a vacancy ordered structure. [88] In particular, the unit cell axis of Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 is given to be ≈11.25 Å, [25] which is two times larger than that of MAPbBr 3 (≈5.92 Å). [89] Both Ag + and Bi 3+ occupy the B-site of the crystal lattice with slightly varied metal-halide bond lengths. The dissimilar bond lengths st...

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All vapor-deposited lead-free doped CsSnBr3 planar solar cells

Cited by 162 publications

References 14 publications

Highly Reproducible Sn‐Based Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells with 9% Efficiency

Highly Reproducible Sn‐Based Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells with 9% Efficiency

Fully‐Inorganic Trihalide Perovskite Nanocrystals: A New Research Frontier of Optoelectronic Materials

Progress of Lead‐Free Halide Double Perovskites

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