Allelic incompatibility can explain female biased sex ratios in dioecious plants

Pucholt, Pascal; Hallingbäck, Henrik R.; Berlin, Sofia

doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3634-5

Cited by 30 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Understanding the causes of sex ratio bias in dioecious plants populations is an open question of considerable interest in ecology and evolutionary ecology (Field et al 2013). These results further reinforce the idea that early-acting genetic factors are likely a primary determinant of female-biased sex ratios observed in Salix populations worldwide (Ueno et al 2007, Myers-Smith and Hik 2012, Che-Castaldo et al 2015, Pucholt et al 2017.…”

Section: Effects Of Sex-biased Herbivory Were Limitedsupporting

confidence: 84%

Disentangling herbivore impacts in primary succession by refocusing the plant stress and vigor hypotheses on phenology

Che‐Castaldo

Crisafulli

Bishop

et al. 2019

Ecological Monographs

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The plant stress and plant vigor hypotheses are widely used to explain the distribution and abundance of insect herbivores across their host plants. These hypotheses are the subject of contentious debate within the plant herbivore research community, with several studies finding simultaneous support for both hypotheses for the same plant–herbivore interaction. We address the question of how such support is possible using dynamic site‐occupancy models to quantify the attack dynamics of Cryptorhynchus lapathi (poplar‐willow weevil) on Salix sitchensis (Sitka willow), a dioecious shrub colonizing Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA after the 1980 eruption, in relation to host plant stress, vigor, and sex. We also introduce several scaling criteria as a rigorous test of the plant vigor hypothesis and demonstrate why modeling insect detection is important in plant–insect studies. Weevils responded positively to water stress associated with seasonal dry‐downs, and this response was phenologically compartmentalized by larval feeding mode. Weevils preferentially attacked large and/or flowering stems, imposing an ecological cost on willow reproduction via increased stem mortality and susceptibility to future attack. We propose that the dual response to host plant stress and vigor is due to the synchronization between young weevil larval feeding and willow nutrient pulses that are mediated by environmental stress. In turn, this process drives successional dynamics, causing the juvenilization of upland willow plants and possibly delaying establishment of a willow‐dominated upland sere. These results highlight the common, but often overlooked, phenological basis of the plant stress and plant vigor hypotheses, which both focus on how stress changes the quality of plant resources available to immature insects.

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Section: Effects Of Sex-biased Herbivory Were Limitedsupporting

confidence: 84%

Disentangling herbivore impacts in primary succession by refocusing the plant stress and vigor hypotheses on phenology

Che‐Castaldo

Crisafulli

Bishop

et al. 2019

Ecological Monographs

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“…Notably, the gender segregation rate in the analysis of the pedigree indicates that the sex of the willow is dominated by a single locus. This finding is consistent with the findings of earlier studies [29,43,44]. Therefore, willows provide a unique system for exploring sex effects.…”

Section: Sex Ratiossupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The bias is partly attributed to the differential feeding of herbivores [26] and the lower viability of males [27]. Recent studies reported that gender bias is related to sex-biased genes [28,29]. Thus far, the underlying reasons behind the predominance of females in Salix populations have not been determined in the literature.Salix suchowensis and Salix triandra are shrub willows distributed in central and northern China, respectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sex-Related Differences in Growth, Herbivory, and Defense of Two Salix Species

Yang

et al. 2020

Forests

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Sex-related differences in sex ratio, growth, and herbivory are widely documented in many dioecious plants. The common pattern is for males to grow faster than females and to be less well-defended against herbivores, but Salix is an exception. To study sex-related differences in the patterns of resource allocation for growth and defense in willows, we conducted a large-scale field experiment to investigate the flowering sex ratio, mortality, growth traits, insect herbivory and content of defensive substances in three Salix populations comprising two species. Results demonstrate that the two Salix suchowensis Cheng populations have a female bias in the sex ratio, whereas no bias is found in the S. triandra L. population. Male individuals in the S. suchowensis populations have significantly higher mortality rates than females. However, the mortality rate of S. triandra population has no gender difference. This finding may be one of the explanations for the difference in sex ratio between the two species. The females are larger in height, ground diameter, and biomass, and have a higher nutritional quality (N concentration) than males in both species. Nevertheless, slow-growing males have a higher concentration of the defense chemical (total phenol) and lower degrees of insect herbivory than females. Additionally, biomass is positively correlated with herbivory and negatively correlated with defense in the two willow species. It is concluded that the degrees of herbivory would have a great influence on resource allocation for growth and defense. Meanwhile, it also provides important implications for understanding the evolution of dioecy.Forests 2020, 11, 450 2 of 13 Herbivory has been considered a potential driver for sexual evolution [10]. Herbivores can change the morphology, productivity, and chemistry of preferred species, and these changes, in turn, affect the population dynamics of plants and herbivores [11]. The resource availability hypothesis predicts that slow-growing plant species have weaker defenses and higher herbivory rates than fast-growing plant species [12]. Male plants grow faster, invest less in chemical defense, and exhibit better nutritional quality tissue than female plants [13]. However, some studies documented no significant difference in herbivory between male and female plants [14], and female-biased herbivory [15]. Chemical defense is an adaptive response of plant species against selective pressure from herbivores [16]. If attacks by herbivores are severe, plants may invest more in chemical defenses, such as phenolics, which are often produced in large quantities and reduce digestibility. Some studies showed that if female plants allocate more resources for reproduction, a trade-off between chemical defense and vegetative growth occurs, and allocation for growth is increased at the expense of chemical defense [17,18]. However, male plants have more resources available for defense than female plants and thus have better defense capabilities [19]. Therefore, in dioecious species, different r...

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“…Our W chromosome assembly has helped explain why sex association analyses sometimes detect multiple unlinked loci on different chromosomes [18,22,28]. GWAS with a nearly exhaustive collection of W contigs in the reference genome yields a single sex association peak (Additional File 2: Figure S2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Willow Sex Chromosome Reveals Convergent Evolution of Complex Palindromic Repeats

Zhou

Macaya‐Sanz

Carlson

et al. 2019

Preprint

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1 Background 2 Sex chromosomes in a wide variety of species share common characteristics, including the 3 presence of suppressed recombination surrounding sex determination loci. They have arisen 4 independently in numerous lineages, providing a conclusive example of convergent evolution. 5Mammalian sex chromosomes contain multiple palindromic repeats across the non-recombining 6 region that facilitate sequence conservation through gene conversion, and contain genes that are 7 crucial for sexual reproduction. Plant sex chromosomes are less well understood, and in 8 particular it is not clear how coding sequence conservation is maintained in the absence of 9 homologous recombination. 10 Results 11 Here we present the first evidence of large palindromic structures in a plant sex chromosome, 12 based on a highly contiguous assembly of the W chromosome of the dioecious shrub Salix 13 purpurea. Two consecutive palindromes span over a region of 200 kb, with conspicuous 20 kb 14 stretches of highly conserved sequences among the four arms. The closely-related species S. 15 suchowensis also has two copies of a portion of the palindrome arm and provides strong 16 evidence for gene conversion. Four genes in the palindrome are homologous to genes in the SDR 17 of the closely-related genus Populus, which is located on a different chromosome. These genes 18 show distinct, floral-biased expression patterns compared to paralogous copies on autosomes.19 Conclusion 20The presence of palindromic structures in sex chromosomes of mammals and plants highlights 21 the intrinsic importance of these features in adaptive evolution in the absence of recombination. 22Convergent evolution is driving both the independent establishment of sex chromosomes as well 23 as their fine-scale sequence structure. 24 26 103 297 kb in length lacked mapped markers and could not be placed unambiguously. 104Location of the SDR 105 We repeated sex association analysis with our new assembly with Chr15Z removed. 106Among 54,959 tested SNPs, all 105 significantly sex-associated SNPs were present only on 107 Chr15W (Fig. 1a; Additional File 2: Figure S2a-c), and markers from PARs and other scaffolds 108 in the main genome did not show any sex association (Additional File 2: Figure S2a). The eight 109 top-ranking sex-associated markers were distributed from 7.66 Mb to 8.66 Mb. Sex-associated 110 markers were primarily heterozygous in females and homozygous in males, confirming our 111 previously-reported observation of ZW sex determination in S. purpurea [18].

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Allelic incompatibility can explain female biased sex ratios in dioecious plants

Cited by 30 publications

References 51 publications

Disentangling herbivore impacts in primary succession by refocusing the plant stress and vigor hypotheses on phenology

Disentangling herbivore impacts in primary succession by refocusing the plant stress and vigor hypotheses on phenology

Sex-Related Differences in Growth, Herbivory, and Defense of Two Salix Species

A Willow Sex Chromosome Reveals Convergent Evolution of Complex Palindromic Repeats

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