Allelic Variation of the D4 Dopamine Receptor Polymorphic Region in Two Dog Breeds, Golden Retriever and Shiba.

Niimi, Youko; Inoue‐Murayama, Miho; Murayama, Yuichi; S, Itó; Iwasaki, Tadaaki

doi:10.1292/jvms.61.1281

Cited by 54 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Human DRD4 is polymorphic in terms of the repeat number of the 48-bp sequence in exon III (Van Tol et al, 1992) and it has been demonstrated that the DRD4 genotype is possibly related to personality known as novelty seeking Ebstein et al, 1996). We previously found that the DRD4 exon III region is also polymorphic in the dog (Canis familiaris) (Niimi et al, 1999;Niimi et al, 2001) and we reported polymorphisms between interand intra-species. In this study, we investigated the exon III in poultry but no polymorphism was found.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Polymorphism of Dopamine Receptor D4 Exon I Corresponding Region in Chicken

et al. 2004

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Polymorphism of Dopamine Receptor D4 Exon I Corresponding Region in Chicken

et al. 2004

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“…It has been demonstrated that the DRD4 genotype is possibly related to the personality trait known as novelty seeking [1,2]. We reported previously that DRD4 is also polymorphic in the dog (Canis familiaris) [10] and seven alleles were identified based on the number and/or order of 39-and 12-bp sequences located in the homologous region of human DRD4 [12]. In addition, a distinct difference in allele frequency was observed in several dog breeds with different behavioral traits [7,12] and the DRD4 genotype may be related to certain behavioral characteristics (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Sequence Comparison of the Dopamine Receptor D4 Exon III Repetitive Region in Several Species of the Order Carnivora.

Inoue‐Murayama

Matsuura

Murayama

et al. 2002

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. It was previously demonstrated that the dog dopamine receptor D4 ( DRD4) gene is polymorphic in terms of the repeat number and/or order of 39-and 12-bp sequences located in the third exon. To examine whether or not the repetitive region is present in other species of the order Carnivora, the homologous region of DRD4 genes were sequenced in the gray wolf, raccoon dog, Asiatic black bear, common raccoon and domestic cat. In the family Canidae, the wolf had an identical sequence to that of the dog 447b allele, and a repetitive sequence similar to the dog DRD4 was also recognized in the raccoon dog. On the other hand, no obvious repeated structure was observed in the sequences of the bear, raccoon and cat. KEY WORDS: Carnivora, dopamine receptor D4, repetitive sequence.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 64(8):747-749, 2002 Human dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) is polymorphic in terms of the repeat numbers of the 48-bp sequence in the third exon of the gene [15]. It has been demonstrated that the DRD4 genotype is possibly related to the personality trait known as novelty seeking [1,2]. We reported previously that DRD4 is also polymorphic in the dog (Canis familiaris) [10] and seven alleles were identified based on the number and/or order of 39-and 12-bp sequences located in the homologous region of human DRD4 [12]. In addition, a distinct difference in allele frequency was observed in several dog breeds with different behavioral traits [7,12] and the DRD4 genotype may be related to certain behavioral characteristics (e.g. aggression to dogs) in dog breeds [11].The sequence and repeated structure of the polymorphic region of the DRD4 gene differ considerably between primates [5,6,8,9] and dogs, and a repetitive sequence does not exist in the homologous region of the rat [3], mouse [13] and carp [4] DRD4 genes. The carnivores are classified into 231 species belonging to nine genera of seven families. Therefore, analysis of various species of the order Carnivora may provide useful information for understanding the origin of the repetitive region and diversity of the DRD4 genes in dogs. In the present study, we amplified the nucleotide sequences corresponding to the repetitive region in dog DRD4 employing the following species: the gray wolf (Canis lupus, n=8) and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides, n=3) of the family Canidae; the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus, n=13) of the family Ursidae; the common raccoon (Procyon lotor, n=7) of the family Procynidae; and the domestic cat (Felis sylvestris catus,

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“…[142][143][144][145] Twentythree dog breed were studied for aggression, and association was observed between this trait and the exon III polymorphism. 142 In the genus Equus (horses), the DRD4 exon III region includes an 18-bp repeat unit and there are inter-and intra-species differences in the number of repetitions.…”

Section: Gene-environment Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular genetic architecture of human personality: beyond self-report questionnaires

2006

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Molecular genetic studies of personality began with two high impact papers in 1996 that showed provisional associations between the dopamine DRD4 exon III repeat region and Novelty Seeking/Extraversion. These first two reports were shortly followed by an investigation linking Neuroticism/Harm Avoidance with the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) promoter region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). In the ensuing decade, thousands of subjects have been studied for association between these genes and personality, assessed by using self-report questionnaires, with erratic success in replication of the first findings for Novelty Seeking (DRD4) and Harm Avoidance (5-HTTLPR). Small effect sizes characteristic of non-Mendelian traits, polygenic patterns of inheritance and true heterogeneity between studies confound attempts to reach a consensus regarding the role of common polymorphisms in contributing to personality domains. Nevertheless, the current state of personality genetics is far from being bleak. Several new paradigms especially functional neuroimaging or 'imaging genomics' have strengthened the connection between 5-HTTLPR and anxiety-related personality traits. The demonstrations that early environmental information can considerably strengthen and even uncover associations between genes and behavior (Caspi's seminal studies and more recently the demonstration that early environment impacts on DRD4 and Novelty Seeking) are notable and herald a new era of personality genetics. Finally, consideration of the broader phenotypic expression of common polymorphisms (e.g. the 'social brain', altruism, etc.) and the use of new experimental paradigms including neurophysiological, neuropsychological and computer games that go beyond the narrow self-report questionnaire design will enable a deeper understanding of how common genetic polymorphisms modulate human behavior. Human personality, defined by Webster as the quality or state of being a person or the complex of characteristics that distinguishes an individual, surely requires a more encompassing view towards understanding its complex molecular genetic architecture.

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Allelic Variation of the D4 Dopamine Receptor Polymorphic Region in Two Dog Breeds, Golden Retriever and Shiba.

Cited by 54 publications

References 15 publications

Polymorphism of Dopamine Receptor D4 Exon I Corresponding Region in Chicken

Polymorphism of Dopamine Receptor D4 Exon I Corresponding Region in Chicken

Sequence Comparison of the Dopamine Receptor D4 Exon III Repetitive Region in Several Species of the Order Carnivora.

The molecular genetic architecture of human personality: beyond self-report questionnaires

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