Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases

Bousquet, Jean; Lockey, Richard F.; Malling, H.‐J.

doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04930.x

Cited by 206 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 339 publications

(313 reference statements)

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“…In addition, new evidence has revealed that conformational epitopes may play an important role in food allergy. Parvalbumin is a major fish allergen, and the IgE binding capacity of parvalbumin was affected by conformational changes in the Ca 2+ binding site. , The conformational epitopes of Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 played a crucial role in the clinical severity of peanut allergy . In a previous study, Ayuso found that the IgE binding activity of Pen a 1 peptides was greatly enhanced after they were grafted into nonallergenic mammalian tropomyosin, indicating the importance of the 3D structure in the allergenicity of tropomyosin .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Allergenic Epitopes of Tropomyosin from Mud Crab Using Phage Display and Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Mei

et al. 2018

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Mud crab ( Scylla serrata), which is widely consumed, can cause severe allergic symptoms. Eight linear epitopes and seven conformational epitopes of tropomyosin (TM) from S. serrata were identified using phage display. The conformational epitopes were formed based on the coiled-coil structure of TM. Most of the epitopes were located in the regions where primary structures were conserved among crustacean TM. Twelve synthetic peptides were designed according to the epitopes and trypsin-cutting sites of TM, among them, three synthetic peptides (including one linear epitope and two conformational epitopes) were recognized by all of the patient sera using inhibitory dot blotting. A triple-variant (R90A-E164A-Y267A) was constructed based on the critical amino acids of the TM epitope. The IgE-binding activity of the triple-variant was significantly reduced compared with that of native TM. The results of phage display and site-directed mutagenesis offered new information regarding conformational epitopes of TM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Allergenic Epitopes of Tropomyosin from Mud Crab Using Phage Display and Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Mei

et al. 2018

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Antiallergic Agents

Höfgen

Beckh

Szelenyi

et al. 2006

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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Allergic reactions cause a number of acute and chronic diseases. The antigen or allergen causing the allergic reaction is usually a protein, a polysaccharide, or a low molecular mass compound (hapten) bound to an endogenous protein. Antigens induce the synthesis of antibodies, which are serum proteins, referred to as immunoglobulins (Igs). Antigen cross‐linking of the IgE molecules leads to cellular responses involving release of preformed mediators, e.g., histamine. Antihistamines or histamine H 1 receptor antagonists are used in the treatment of allergic diseases. In contrast to the first‐generation or classical antihistamines the second‐generation antihistamines do not have the side effects sedation, fatigue, and drowsiness. Mast cells are the predominant storage site for histamine in most tissues. Cromolyn sodium or disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) probably acts on certain types of chloride channels expressed in mast cells and sensory nerves. Allergen immunotherapy is a well established and accepted treatment of allergic diseases. Immunogenic tolerance is achieved by applying gradually increasing quantities of an allergen vaccine to the sensitized patient. Allergen preparations derive from reference standards containing defined amounts of relevant allergens. For efficient and well‐tolerated therapy extracts are physically or chemically modified or conjugated. Recombinant DNA technology offers a new standard of qualitiy by selecting the disease causing major allergens. The development of an anti‐IgE antibody (omalizumab, Xolair™) offers a unique and novel treatment not only for therapeutic but also for preventive applications in IgE‐mediated diseases. Omalizumab is a DNA‐derived monoclonal humanized antibody which is well tolerated by the immune system. Omalizumab binds in form of complexes to free IgE in the serum and interacts with any kind of IgE, but not with other immunoglobulines. Omalizumab leads to a downregulation of IgE receptors on mast cells and tissue cells in target organs. The substance showed immunomodulatory effects on dendritic cells and reduced significantly the number of eosinophils. Effects of treatment on allergic rhinitis and asthma have been evaluated in several studies. The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Antihistamines 2.1. First Generation Antihistamines 2.1.1. Ethylenediamines 2.1.2. Ethanolamine Derivatives 2.1.3. Alkylamines 2.1.4. Piperazines 2.1.5. Piperidines 2.1.6. Phenothiazines 2.1.7. Other Tricyclic Systems 2.2. Second‐Generation Antihistamines 2.2.1. Ethanolamines 2.2.2. Alkylamines 2.2.3. Piperazines 2.2.4. Piperidines 2.2.5. Phthalazinones 2.2.6. Others 2.2.7. Combinations of Antihistamines and Sympathomimetic Agents 2.3. Inhibitors of Histamine Synthesis 3. Mast Cell Stabilizing Agents 4. Allergen Preparations for Desensitization 4.1. Properties of Allergens 4.2. Raw Materials 4.3. Allergen Standardization 4.4. Allergen Vaccines for Immunotherapy 4.5. Storage 4.6. Uses 4.6.1. Diagnostic Use 4.6.2. Therapeutic Use‐Immunotherapy 4.6.3. Legal Aspects, Quality Requirements, and Safety 5. Anti‐IgE‐Omalizumab 5.1. IgE and its Role for the Allergic Response 5.2. IgE‐Mediated Allergic Diseases 5.3. Properties of Omalizumab 5.3.1. Chemistry and Production of Omalizumab 5.3.2. Pharmacology and Effect of Omalizumab 5.3.3. Pharmacokinetics 5.4. Indication for the Teatment with Omalizumab, Guidelines for Use 5.5. Application, Dosage, Costs 5.6. Side Effects 5.7. Legal Aspects, Safety 5.8. Possible Applications in the Future 6. Acknowledgement

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Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis

Calderón

Alves

Jacobson

et al. 2007

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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430

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Background Allergic rhinitis is the most common of the allergic diseases. Despite improved understanding of the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis and advances in its pharmacological treatment, its prevalence has increased worldwide. For patients whose symptoms remain uncontrolled despite medical treatment, allergen injection immunotherapy is advised. An allergen-based treatment may reduce symptoms, the need for medication and modify the natural course of this disease. Objectives To evaluate the e icacy and safety of subcutaneous specific allergen immunotherapy, compared with placebo, for reducing symptoms and medication requirements in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients.

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Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases

Cited by 206 publications

References 339 publications

Analysis of the Allergenic Epitopes of Tropomyosin from Mud Crab Using Phage Display and Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Analysis of the Allergenic Epitopes of Tropomyosin from Mud Crab Using Phage Display and Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Antiallergic Agents

Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis

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