Allergen Levels in the Hair of Different Cattle Breeds

Zahradnik, Eva; Sander, I.; Brüning, Thomas; Raulf, Monika

doi:10.1159/000431227

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Allergen levels of Fel d 1, Can f 1, and Bos d 2 were determined using monoclonal antibodies and calibration standards purchased from Indoor Biotechnologies Inc. (Charlottesville, VA, USA) according to protocols described previously for cat and dog ( Sander and Lotz et al , 2016 ) and for cattle ( Zahradnik et al , 2015 ). Equ c 1 concentrations were quantified using an immunoassay based on polyclonal antibodies and naturally-purified Equ c 1 as a standard ( Zahradnik et al , 2018 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Allergens, Endotoxin, and β-(1,3)-Glucan in Small Animal Practices: Exposure Levels at Work and in Homes of Veterinary Staff

Zahradnik

Sander

Kleinmüller

et al. 2021

Annals of Work Exposures and Health

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Objectives In veterinary settings, high exposures to animal allergens and microbial agents can be expected. However, occupational exposure levels are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the allergen, endotoxin, and β-(1,3)-glucan concentrations in small animal practices and in the homes of practice employees. Methods Dust samples were collected using electrostatic dust fall collectors in diverse rooms of 36 small animal practices, as well as in employees’ homes. Major animal allergens (Fel d 1, Can f 1, Ory c 3, Cav p 1, Equ c 1, Bos d 2), domestic mite (DM) allergens, and β-(1,3)-glucan levels were measured using enzyme immunoassays. Endotoxin was determined using the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. Influences on exposure levels were analyzed using multilevel models. Results The levels of Can f 1, Fel d 1, Ory c 3, and Cav p 1 were up to 30 times higher in practices compared with homes without animals, but significantly lower compared with the homes with the respective pet. Although horses were not treated in the practices, Equ c 1 was found in 87.5% of samples, with the highest concentrations measured in changing rooms. DM levels were significantly lower in practices than in all private homes, and endotoxin levels were similar to those in homes with pets. In the practice itself, exposure levels were significantly influenced by animal presence, type of the room, and area per employee; whereas, room volume and diverse cleaning measures had mostly no effect. Conclusions Exposure to animal allergens is high in veterinary practices, but it does not reach levels of households with pets. Domestic mite allergen and endotoxin exposure seem to be low for workers in veterinary practices. The high Equ c 1 detection rate strongly indicates dispersal of allergens, most likely through clothing and hair.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Allergens, Endotoxin, and β-(1,3)-Glucan in Small Animal Practices: Exposure Levels at Work and in Homes of Veterinary Staff

Zahradnik

Sander

Kleinmüller

et al. 2021

Annals of Work Exposures and Health

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“…A study performed in Germany on the most common cattle breeds showed a high variability in allergen levels between individual animals. The results also indicated that allergen production was not related to breed or to gender . Similar studies have been performed for horses and, for example, the Bashkir horse and the American Curly horse have been suggested to be hypoallergenic .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of horse allergen Equ c 4 in dander and saliva from ten horse breeds

Victor

Binnmyr

Lampa

et al. 2019

Clin Experimental Allergy

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SummaryBackgroundHorses are an important source of allergens, but the distribution of horse allergens is poorly understood. Five horse allergens have been identified, Equ c 1‐4 and 6. Equ c 4 seems to be an important allergen, with an IgE‐binding frequency of 77% in horse‐sensitized individuals.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate levels of horse allergen Equ c 4 in dander, saliva and urine from ten horse breeds.MethodThe study population included 170 horses (87 mares, 27 stallions, 56 geldings) from ten breeds. Horse dander, saliva and urine samples were collected. Levels of horse allergen Equ c 4 were quantified using a two‐site sandwich ELISA (mAb 103 and 14G4) and were expressed as Equ c 4 U/μg protein.ResultsThe horse allergen Equ c 4 was present in all dander and saliva samples from ten horse breeds, with high within‐breed and inter‐breed variations; GM values were 639 Equ c 4 U/μg protein (range 5‐15 264) for dander and 39.5 (4‐263) for saliva. Equ c 4 was found in 19/21 urine samples. Adjusted for age, sex and changes over time, no differences between breeds could be seen in dander, while in saliva the North Swedish horse showed lower levels of Equ c 4 than any other breed. The levels of Equ c 4 protein in dander and saliva were significantly higher in samples from stallions compared to mares and geldings, independent of breed.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThe results show a high variability in allergen levels of Equ c 4 in dander and saliva both within and between breeds. Significantly higher levels were found in stallions compared to mares and geldings, independent of breed. Results suggest that none of the horse breeds studied can be recommended for individuals allergic to Equ c 4.

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“…In addition, allergen loads shed by an individual animal can vary enormously. Variations in allergen content of hair up to four orders of magnitude were observed in dogs 22) , horses 13,23) , and cattle 24) of different breeds and sexes. Another factor that could influence the high variability of allergen levels was talking during dust collection, which was not restricted as in other studies 8) .…”

Section: Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of nasal filters for allergen exposure measurements in veterinary practices

Zahradnik

Sander

Kleinmüller

et al. 2022

EOH-P

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Objectives: In this study, we applied novel nasal filters to assess animal allergen exposure of veterinary staff during their normal daily routine. Methods: Rhinix nasal filters were worn during work by 94 employees at different veterinary practices and 18 employees at a research institute, who acted as controls representing an animal-free environment. Contact with animals and the activities performed were documented by the study participants using a short questionnaire. Major allergens of cats (Fel d 1), dogs (Can f 1), and domestic mites (DM) were measured using fluorescence enzyme immunoassays. Results: At the practices, Can f 1 was detected in 98%, Fel d 1 in 82%, and DM allergens in 39% of the samples. Allergens were also detected in some control samples (6% for Can f 1, 39% for Fel d 1, and 17% for DM) but in very low concentrations. There was a highly significant difference between allergen levels in veterinary workers who treated at least one cat or dog during the sampling period and those who did not (2.66 vs. 0.70 ng/filter for Can f 1 and 1.01 vs. 0.20 ng/filter for Fel d 1). The amount of sampled Fel d 1 increased significantly with increasing duration of contact with cats. This effect was not observed for Can f 1. Conclusions: The majority of veterinary workers are exposed to dog and cat allergens, even without direct contact with these animals. Rhinix nasal filters may be considered a simple and easily applicable method for monitoring personal allergen exposure.

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Allergen Levels in the Hair of Different Cattle Breeds

Cited by 12 publications

References 25 publications

Animal Allergens, Endotoxin, and β-(1,3)-Glucan in Small Animal Practices: Exposure Levels at Work and in Homes of Veterinary Staff

Animal Allergens, Endotoxin, and β-(1,3)-Glucan in Small Animal Practices: Exposure Levels at Work and in Homes of Veterinary Staff

Levels of horse allergen Equ c 4 in dander and saliva from ten horse breeds

Use of nasal filters for allergen exposure measurements in veterinary practices

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