Allergens in school dust *1I. The amount of the major cat (Fel d I) and dog (Can f I) allergens in dust from Swedish schools is high enough to probably cause perennial symptoms in most children with asthma who are sensitized to cat and dog

Munir, A. K. M.; Einarsson, R.; Schou, C.; Dreborg, Sten

doi:10.1016/0091-6749(93)90221-z

Cited by 222 publications

(140 citation statements)

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“…Indoor pollutants can be particularly harmful for students already affected by allergies or asthma. Exacerbation of asthma and allergic illnesses is often linked to exposure to allergens, such as house-dust mite, cat, dog, cockroach, fungi and mould, and to irritants such as tobacco smoke (1)(2)(3). Exposure to chemicals (e.g.…”

Section: How To Use the Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The management of the allergic child at school: EAACI/GA²LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school

Muraro¹,

Clark

Beyer

et al. 2010

Allergy

121

115

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The management of the allergic child at school: EAACI/GA 2 LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school. Allergy 2010; 65: 681-689. AimThe aim of this Task Force document is to describe an ideal model of care centred on the allergic children at school (Box 1), which is appropriate for use by all stakeholders. Despite a substantial body of literature on allergy management, the evidence available on how to best care for such children at school is inadequate. Furthermore, legislation, education, facilities and health care practices vary between countries. We have presented the information in such a way that individuals will be able to adopt the advice within the context of their local or national facilities to improve care for all children with allergy at school. Where local facilities are not able to support such an approach, this document may be used as a reference to inform national policy. How to use the recommendationsOur key recommendations are presented as 'action points' for schools. Some of these are generic and apply to all allergic children at school (Box 2), and others are presented as disease-specific action points. To facilitate the implementation of these recommendations, specific responsibilities for each stakeholder have been identified (Box 3). A comprehensive protective package for children with allergy at school can therefore be provided within this framework. These recommendations are based upon the available evidence and expert opinion.Allergy at school manifests in multiple ways: eczema, bronchial asthma (hereafter asthma), rhinitis and/or conjunctivitis, food allergy and less commonly venom allergy and AbstractAllergy affects at least one-quarter of European schoolchildren, it reduces quality of life and may impair school performance; there is a risk of severe reactions and, in rare cases, death. Allergy is a multi-system disorder, and children often have several co-existing diseases, i.e. allergic rhinitis, asthma, eczema and food allergy. Severe food allergy reactions may occur for the first time at school, and overall 20% of food allergy reactions occur in schools. Up to two-thirds of schools have at least one child at risk of anaphylaxis but many are poorly prepared. A cooperative partnership between doctors, community and school nurses, school staff, parents and the child is necessary to ensure allergic children are protected. Schools and doctors should adopt a comprehensive approach to allergy training, ensuring that all staff can prevent, recognize and initiate treatment of allergic reactions. urticaria. Children may present with various symptoms such as wheezing and dyspnoea related to asthma, which may be triggered by allergen contact, airway infection or physical exercise. Children with allergic rhinitis (or rhinoconjunctivitis) might have a runny nose, sneeze frequently, mouthbreath persistently and have itchy eyes in spring and/or summer, or they may have all-year-round symptoms. Indoor pollutants can be particularly harmful for students already affected by allergies or asthma...

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Section: How To Use the Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The management of the allergic child at school: EAACI/GA²LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school

Muraro¹,

Clark

Beyer

et al. 2010

Allergy

121

115

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“…The California coastal region has a climate which is favorable to growth of dust mites in indoor environments. Cat and dog allergens can be carried on the clothes of children and teachers and shed in classrooms (Dybendal and Elsayed, 1989;Munir, et al, 1993), accumulating to levels which may cause symptoms in children with asthma who are sensitized to these allergens. Verhoeff, et al, (1994) have stated that concentrations of more than 2,000 ng Der p I per gram of dust are regarded as representing a risk for development of specific IgE to house dust mite allergen in genetically predisposed individuals.…”

Section: Publications In Scientific Joumls and Conference Proceedingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey and critical review of the literature on indoor air quality, ventilation and health symptoms in schools

Daisey

Angell

1998

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is an equal opportunity employer. DISCLAIMERPortions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. The types of health symptoms reported in schools were very similar those defined as "sick building syndrome" (SBS) symptoms, although this may be due, at least in part, to the type of health symptom questionnaires used. Some of the symptoms, e.g., wheezing, are indicative of asthma. In the studies in which complaint and noncomplaint buildings or areas were compared, complaint buildings generally had higher rates of health symptoms.Formaldehyde, total VOCs, CO and microbiological pollutants were the most commonly measured air pollutants in schools. Most of the formaldehyde measurements made in the US. were made in complaint schools but were generally below 0.05 ppm. Measurements of other pollutants were too limited to make conclusions as to the prevalence of indoor concentrations above levels of concern, even in problem schools. However, there is some evidence indicating that microbiological pollutants may be of particular concern. The few scientific studies on causes of symptoms in complaint schools indicate that exposures to molds and to allergens in schools contribute to asthma, SBS and other respiratory symptoms. Other indoor air pollutants, such as VOCs, aldehydes, etc., have been investigated to only a very limited extent, although there are reasons to suspect they may also contribute to health symptom prevalences in schools.The maj or building-related problem identified was "inadequate ventilation with outside air." Several lines of evidence indicate that inadequate ventilation with outside air is a fairly common problem in schools in general, including those in California. However, "inadequate ventilation" can only be considered an indicator, not the causal agent(s) for health symptoms reported in problem schools. Waterdamage to the building shells of schools, leading in turn to mold contamination and growth, was the second most frequently reported building-related problem. The root causes of many of the ventilation and water-damage problems in the schools was inadequate and/or deferred maintenance of school buildings and W A C systems. However, in most studies, neither the building and ventilation systems problems nor specific pollutants have been clearly and unambiguously demonstrated to be causally related to the symptoms.Although there is now considerable qualitative information on health complaints, ventilation and IAQ problems in complaint schools, we do not know what fraction of schools is experiencing IAQ and ventilation problems, and related health symptoms. There is also a lack of scientifically rigorous and quantitative information on the causal relationships between health symptoms, exposure, and dose response relationships that are needed to establish health standards for the protection of children in schools. Finally, the effectiveness and the costs and benefits of various remedial actions, undertaken to solve pr...

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“…krakow inner city area study allergens. Allergic sensitisation to dog or cat allergens is believed to be an important risk factor for asthma and asthma symptoms, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and many studies reported positive correlations between the ownerships of pets and the excess in the occurrence of asthma symptoms, asthma diagnosis or asthma medication treatment. It was also shown that asthmatics are more likely than nonasthmatics sensitised to pet allergens and exposures to Can f 1 and Fel d 1 as low as 2 mg/g of house dust and 1 mg/g of dust, respectively, have been assumed as clinically relevant risk thresholds [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of the interview on pets kept at home for predicting the actual domestic expsoure to their specific allergens. Krakow inner city area study

et al. 2008

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AbstractThe aim of the study was to describe the exposure to dog (Can f 1) and cat (Fel d 1) allergens within homes of very young children living with and without pets, and to assess the validity of the interview on pets for predicting the actual exposure to pet allergens in house dust. House dust samples were collected in 275 dwellings from the mattresses, children’s bedroom and kitchen floors. In the laboratory, dust samples were analyzed for Can f 1 and Fel d 1 using monoclonal antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The majority of households (79.3%) had neither a dog nor a cat living in the home over the past 6 months preceding the survey. Dog allergen above 2 μg/g dust were found in 22.5% of homes and 14.2% of homes contained dog allergen above 10 μg/g of house dust. In the total study sample, cat allergen above 1 μg/g of dust were found in 12.7% of homes, and 3.3% of homes contained Fel d 1 levels greater than 8 μg/g of dust. The majority of children (75.0%) with reported ownership of dogs were exposed to Can f 1 levels above 2 μg/g of house dust, and 73.1% of children with cats at home were exposed to Fel d 1 concentrations above 1 μg/g house dust. The results of the study showed that post-test probability of the true exposure to Can f 1 above 2 μg/g dust in houses with positive interview on indoor dogs was 75.0% (95%CI: 61.7–84.8%). On the other hand, the prediction of exposure estimated from the interview data on indoor dogs produced 12.6% of false negatives (95% CI: 9.9–15.8%). Similarly, the post-test probability of the true exposure to Fel d 1 above 1 μg/g dust in houses with positive interview on indoor cats was 73.1% (95%CI: 55.1–85.7%). On the other hand, the interview data produced 6.4% false negatives (95% CI: 4.6–9.0%). In conclusion, the study demonstrated that homes in Poland with pet ownership are important reservoir of Can f 1 and Fel d 1 allergens with levels that might induce allergic symptoms. Even in homes of children without a dog or cat indoors, there was a higher prevalence of pet allergens at the levels above allergic sensitisation thresholds. This may have an important implication for epidemiologic studies on pet related allergy and prevention practice.

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Allergens in school dust *1I. The amount of the major cat (Fel d I) and dog (Can f I) allergens in dust from Swedish schools is high enough to probably cause perennial symptoms in most children with asthma who are sensitized to cat and dog

Cited by 222 publications

References 13 publications

The management of the allergic child at school: EAACI/GA²LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school

The management of the allergic child at school: EAACI/GA²LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school

A survey and critical review of the literature on indoor air quality, ventilation and health symptoms in schools

Validity of the interview on pets kept at home for predicting the actual domestic expsoure to their specific allergens. Krakow inner city area study

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Allergens in school dust *1I. The amount of the major cat (Fel d I) and dog (Can f I) allergens in dust from Swedish schools is high enough to probably cause perennial symptoms in most children with asthma who are sensitized to cat and dog

Cited by 222 publications

References 13 publications

The management of the allergic child at school: EAACI/GA2LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school

The management of the allergic child at school: EAACI/GA2LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school

A survey and critical review of the literature on indoor air quality, ventilation and health symptoms in schools

Validity of the interview on pets kept at home for predicting the actual domestic expsoure to their specific allergens. Krakow inner city area study

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Product

Resources

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The management of the allergic child at school: EAACI/GA²LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school

The management of the allergic child at school: EAACI/GA²LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school