Allergic contact dermatitis due to nonylphenol ethoxylate (Nonoxynol‐6)<sup>*</sup>

Nethercott, James R.; Lawrence, Murray

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00106.x

Cited by 31 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Allergic contact dermatitis due to ethoxylated non-ionic surfactants and emulsifiers has been demonstrated (1 ). Allergic contact dermatitis reactions caused by ethoxylated alkylphenols (nonoxynols) which are widely used in industrial and household detergents as well as in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations, have been reported for nonoxynol-1 0 in a liquid household detergent and for nonoxynol-6 in an industrial hand cleanser (35,36). A domestic cleaner had an acute severe dermatitis in his face, neck and forearms caused by nonoxynol-12 in a polish (37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact allergenic activity of Tween® 80 before and after air exposure

et al. 1997

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Tween 80 is an ethoxylated hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant, which is used for the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, and industrial detergents. Ethoxylated surfactants are polyethers and are thus easily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to a variety of hydroperoxides, peroxides and carbonyl compounds. The aim was to investigate the formation of oxidation products and the allergenic potential of Tween 80 before and after air exposure. The formation of peroxides and formaldehyde was followed with chemical analyses during air and pure oxygen exposure of water solutions of Tween 80 of technical quality. A complex mixture of compounds was formed when Tween 80 was oxidized. Formaldehyde was detected in amounts that may be eliciting in allergic individuals. Acetaldehyde was identified in Tween 80 before oxygen exposure, whereafter the amount gradually decreased. The contact allergenic activity was determined in experimental sensitization studies in guinea pigs. Non-oxidized as well as oxidized Tween 80 of technical quality showed allergenic activity. The results indicate that allergens are present in Tween 80 before oxidation and that new allergens are formed in the oxidation process. No obvious dose-response relationship was found in the sensitization studies. The possibility that allergenic compounds can be formed during storage and handling of products containing ethoxylated surfactants should be taken into consideration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact allergenic activity of Tween® 80 before and after air exposure

et al. 1997

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“…Diglycidyl ether of BPA epoxy resins belong to the most common causes of occupational allergic contact dermatitis and, on rare occasions, has caused occupational asthma 9 . Also, the non‐ionic emulsifier nonylphenol ethoxylate (nonoxynol‐6) found in an industrial waterless hand cleanser induced allergic contact dermatitis 10 . However, the mechanism by which EDs causes these allergic responses is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced interleukin‐4 production in CD4⁺ T cells and elevated immunoglobulin E levels in antigen‐primed mice by bisphenol A and nonylphenol, endocrine disruptors: involvement of nuclear factor‐AT and Ca²⁺

Lee¹,

Chung²,

Kang³

et al. 2003

Immunology

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SUMMARYBisphenol A (BPA) and p-nonylphenol (NP) are representative endocrine disruptors (EDs) that may have adverse effects on human health. The in¯uence of these compounds on allergic immune responses remains unclear. In this study, we have examined the effects of BPA and NP on production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), a pro-in¯ammatory cytokine closely associated with allergic immune responses. Both BPA and NP signi®cantly enhanced IL-4 production in keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH)-primed CD4T cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with BPA or NP in vivo resulted in signi®cant increase of IL-4 production in CD4T cells and of antigen-speci®c immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in the sera of KLH-primed mice. Furthermore, BPA and NP enhanced the activation of IL-4 gene promoter in EL4 T cells transiently transfected with IL-4 promoter/reporter constructs, and the enhancing effect mapped to a region in the IL-4 promoter containing binding sites for nuclear factor (NF)-AT. Activation of T lymphocytes by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin resulted in markedly enhanced binding activities to the NF-AT site, which signi®cantly increased upon addition of BPA or NP, as demonstrated by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, indicating that the transcription factor NF-AT was involved in the enhancing effect of BPA and NP on IL-4 production. The enhancement of IL-4 production by BPA or NP was signi®cantly reduced by nitrendipine, a blocker of Ca 2 in¯ux, and by FK506, a calcineurin inhibitor. FK506 inhibited the NF-AT±DNA binding activity and IL-4 gene promoter activity enhanced by BPA or NP. These results represent the ®rst report describing possible enhancement of allergic response by EDs through increasing IL-4 production in CD4T cells and antigen-speci®c IgE levels in the sera via the stimulation of Ca 2 /calcineurin-dependent NF-AT activation.

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“…Cases of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from PEGs (27–30), from diethyleneglycol ethers (31–34), and from various ethoxylated non‐ionic surfactants and emulsifiers are reported in literature (35). The ethoxylated alkylphenolic compounds (nonoxynols) are examples of ethoxylated non‐ionic surfactants that have caused ACD (36–39). According to EU legislation, the alkylphenolic compounds are no longer allowed in laundry and cleaning products due to their low biodegradability, but only in products used in minor quantities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allergenic activity of an air‐oxidized ethoxylated surfactant

Karlberg

Bodin²,

Matura

2003

Contact Dermatitis

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Ethoxylated surfactants are used in household and industrial cleaners, topical pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and laundry products. Polyethers, e.g. ethoxylated surfactants and polyethylene glycols, are oxidized by atmospheric oxygen (autoxidized) when stored and handled. We have previously shown that a chemically well-defined non-ionic surfactant, the ethoxylated alcohol penta-ethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether (C 12 E 5 ), forms a complex mixture of autoxidation products when exposed to air. Predictive testing in guinea pigs showed that the surfactant itself is a nonsensitizer, but that oxidation products formed are skin sensitizers. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitizing capacity of a total oxidation mixture of C 12 E 5 obtained after autoxidation. The allergenic activity of different oxidation products is discussed as well as the clinical importance of the findings. This study shows that the non-ionic surfactant C 12 E 5 containing 20% oxidation products is a sensitizing mixture. The result accords with what is observed for other compounds that are unstable when in contact with air, e.g. limonene and linalool, major fragrance terpenes. Studies regarding the clinical relevance of our findings should be performed. However, it is already clear from this study that precautions must be taken in handling and storage of ethoxylated surfactants to avoid formation of allergenic mixtures.

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Allergic contact dermatitis due to nonylphenol ethoxylate (Nonoxynol‐6)^*

Cited by 31 publications

References 10 publications

Contact allergenic activity of Tween® 80 before and after air exposure

Contact allergenic activity of Tween® 80 before and after air exposure

Enhanced interleukin‐4 production in CD4⁺ T cells and elevated immunoglobulin E levels in antigen‐primed mice by bisphenol A and nonylphenol, endocrine disruptors: involvement of nuclear factor‐AT and Ca²⁺

Allergenic activity of an air‐oxidized ethoxylated surfactant

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Allergic contact dermatitis due to nonylphenol ethoxylate (Nonoxynol‐6)*

Cited by 31 publications

References 10 publications

Contact allergenic activity of Tween® 80 before and after air exposure

Contact allergenic activity of Tween® 80 before and after air exposure

Enhanced interleukin‐4 production in CD4+ T cells and elevated immunoglobulin E levels in antigen‐primed mice by bisphenol A and nonylphenol, endocrine disruptors: involvement of nuclear factor‐AT and Ca2+

Allergenic activity of an air‐oxidized ethoxylated surfactant

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Allergic contact dermatitis due to nonylphenol ethoxylate (Nonoxynol‐6)^*

Enhanced interleukin‐4 production in CD4⁺ T cells and elevated immunoglobulin E levels in antigen‐primed mice by bisphenol A and nonylphenol, endocrine disruptors: involvement of nuclear factor‐AT and Ca²⁺