Allergies, infections and the hygiene hypothesis – The epidemiological evidence

Mutius, Erika von

doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.002

Cited by 251 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Although previous studies showed associations between asthma and early lower respiratory tract viral infections, the literature that describes an association with early bacterial infections and antibiotic use with asthma is mixed. [15][16][17][18][19] In several studies of antibiotic use, infections and asthma have been inconclusive or circumstantial. 15,16 Our study indicated that there was no association between antibiotic use in the first year of life with the diagnosis of food allergy or asthma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hygiene factors associated with childhood food allergy and asthma

Gupta

Singh

Walkner

et al. 2016

allergy asthma proc

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hygiene factors associated with childhood food allergy and asthma

Gupta

Singh

Walkner

et al. 2016

allergy asthma proc

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“…However, epidemiological findings also suggest that these pollutants might protect from allergies by simulating immune responses [95]. In addition, there is insufficient evidence of a potential protective effect of microorganisms on respiratory health [95,96].…”

Section: Endotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory health and indoor air pollutants based on quantitative exposure assessments

et al. 2012

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We reviewed the main epidemiological studies that evaluate the respiratory effects of indoor air pollutants quantitatively in industrialised countries. Consistent results support short-term (aggravation) and, although more rarely, long-term (prevalence augmentation) effects on asthma, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in indoor settings with poor air quality. Environmental tobacco smoke is one of the most important risks for respiratory symptoms and diseases worldwide. The evidence is also reliable for indoor nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter, which have been associated with asthma, bronchitis and COPD. Whereas formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds seem to be the main pollutants in indoor settings, relevant papers on their respiratory effects are still scarce, and limited to asthma and bronchitis. Moulds have been associated with an increased risk of asthma and COPD. Contradictory results have been found between endotoxins and asthma. The role of phthalates, persistent organic pollutants and flame retardants in respiratory diseases remains to be established. Results from rural areas of industrialised countries indicate that exposure to some indoor bio-contaminants might be protective in early life, while it is associated with adverse respiratory adverse effects in adulthood. Studies focusing on indoor air pollutants should be developed to better understand their involvement in the inception and aggravation of respiratory diseases.

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“…OM-85 was designed to protect against recurrent RTIs through broad immunization against bacterial antigens, mimicking natural environmental exposure to microbes. This exposure driven prophylaxis works via various mechanisms that involve activation of the innate and adaptive immune system [3]. In vivo experimental studies have demonstrated the beneficial use of bacterial extracts and in particular, the effect of OM-85-induced prophylaxis against various RTIs by triggering of the innate immune system and subsequent protective adaptive immune responses against these pathogens [4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%