Allergy in an Evolutionary Framework

Daschner, Álvaro; González-Fernández, Juan

doi:10.1007/s00239-019-09895-3

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Many similarities exist between human immune mechanisms developed over millions of years to control or eliminate metazoan parasites (helminths and arthropods) and immune mechanisms causing allergy. [17][18][19][20] It has been hypothesized that allergic reactions are flawed immune responses directed against environmental allergens that have their origin in anti-parasite immune mechanisms.…”

Section: Immunob Iology Of Hyper S En S Itivit Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick hypersensitivity and human tick‐borne diseases

Gupte

Krause

2021

Parasite Immunology

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Human immune responses to ticks and other arthropods limit the impact of vector-borne disease but also can cause mild to life-threatening hypersensitivity reactions. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Ticks rely on blood meals to complete their life cycle. Tick salivary proteins make this possible by inhibiting blood coagulation, local itch and host anti-tick immune responses. Tick saliva also serves as a conduit for tick-borne pathogens. Both salivary proteins and the pathogens they help transmit are targeted by host immune mechanisms. These intensify with repeated tick exposure. Salivary protein function is impaired and eventually blocked by host immunity, resulting in the interruption of tick feeding and prevention of pathogen transmission. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Mammalian hosts differ in their immune response to ixodid tick bites. For example, Clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole)and Apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked mouse) are natural rodent hosts for Ixodes ricinus in Europe but voles experience a strong hypersensitivity response to repeated infestations of I ricinus while mice do not. 12 Humans also vary in their response to tick bite, depending primarily on how frequently they are bitten. In this review, we focus on human hypersensitivity to ixodid (hard bodied) ticks, such as Dermacentor spp., Haemaphysalis spp., Ixodes spp. and Rhipicephalus spp. Ixodid ticks transmit infection throughout the world and are responsible for the majority of vector-borne diseases in the United States, including human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis, Borrelia miyamotoi infection, Colorado tick fever, ehrlichiosis, Heartland virus infection, Lyme disease, Powassan virus disease, rickettsiosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI), tick-borne encephalitis and tularaemia. 2,

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Section: Immunob Iology Of Hyper S En S Itivit Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick hypersensitivity and human tick‐borne diseases

Gupte

Krause

2021

Parasite Immunology

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“…As TB died down a promiscuous range of auto-immune, inflammatory, and mind altering "Diseases of Modern Civilisations" took-off alongside infertility, first in the upper classes who eat more meat [136,137]. A less plant based diet affects fermentation-derived short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate that interact with the nicotinic acid receptor [138,139].…”

Section: Inflection: Inflammatory Disease In Affluent Geographiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequality: The Dangers of Meat Haves and Have-Nots in a Nicotinamide-Adenine-Dinucleotide World

Williams¹,

Hill²

2021

Meat and Nutrition

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Our evolution and recent history can be seen as a “World Hunt” for meat as part of an omnivorous diet. Meat contains key micronutrients namely Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) and methyl-donors with deficits causing pellagra, an archetypal disease of poverty. Inequality is a leading ultimate risk factor invoked in the aetiology of common diseases let alone threats from climate change and pandemic triggered catastrophes. We hypothesize that the origin of inequality was our evolutionary and nutritional move from equal to unequal sharing of the meat supply some 10–20 thousand years ago. High meat intake may have bioengineered powerful ruling classes and lower intake the proletariat with higher fertility, but inferior (brain) health. A fairer quantity of a safer meat intake in future should moderate global variances of fertility, height, health, and prosperity. Death rates of acute infections including emergent zoonoses (such as COVID-19) and chronic infections (such as TB) should fall as might the incidence of some diseases of affluence. Meat justice by improving human capital could make redundant superficial markers, such as skin colour, used to discriminate against peoples and heal a divided world.

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“…Early studies [35] have shown that the hygiene hypothesis may be related to Th1/Th2 imbalance. Synthetic adjuvants or microbial components can directly influence the cells in the innate immune system, including NK and DCs cells, and also stimulate the secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-12, and IFN-α, leading to the phenotypic transformation of allergen-specific Th2 to Th1 cells [7,36]. The specific mechanisms still need to be further studied.…”

Section: Possible Protective Mechanisms Of H Pylori Against Allergicmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Protective Effects of Helicobacter pylori Infection on Allergic Asthma

Zuo¹,

Yue²,

Sun³

et al. 2020

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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As an ancient Gram-negative bacterium, Helicobacter pylori has settled in human stomach. Eradicating H. pylori increases the morbidities of asthma and other allergic diseases. Therefore, H. pylori might play a protective role against asthma. The “disappearing microbiota” hypothesis suggests that the absence of certain types of the ancestral microbiota could change the development of immunology, metabolism, and cognitive ability in our early life, contributing to the development of some diseases. And the Hygiene Hypothesis links early environmental and microbial exposure to the prevalence of atopic allergies and asthma. Exposure to the environment and microbes can influence the growing immune system and protect subsequent immune-mediated diseases. H. pylori can inhibit allergic asthma by regulating the ratio of helper T cells 1/2 (Th1/Th2), Th17/regulatory T cells (Tregs), etc. H. pylori can also target dendritic cells to promote immune tolerance and enhance the protective effect on allergic asthma, and this effect relies on highly suppressed Tregs. The remote regulation of lung immune function by H. pylori is consistent with the gut-lung axis theory. Perhaps, H. pylori also protects against asthma by altering levels of stomach hormones, affecting the autonomic nervous system and lowering the expression of heat shock protein 70. Therapeutic products from H. pylori may be used to prevent and treat asthma. This paper reviews the possible protective influence of H. pylori on allergic asthma and the possible application of H. pylori in treating asthma.

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Allergy in an Evolutionary Framework

Cited by 15 publications

References 78 publications

Tick hypersensitivity and human tick‐borne diseases

Tick hypersensitivity and human tick‐borne diseases

Inequality: The Dangers of Meat Haves and Have-Nots in a Nicotinamide-Adenine-Dinucleotide World

The Protective Effects of <b><i>Helicobacter pylori</i></b> Infection on Allergic Asthma

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