Alleviation of conditioned suppression.

Hendry, Derek P.; Van-Toller, C.

doi:10.1037/h0022051

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In experiments employing the CER method, it was shown that reliable inhibition of delay of a classically conditioned defensive response may be obtained with long CS-US intervals of constant duration (Hammond & Maser, 1970;Hendry & Van-Toller, 1965;Millenson & Hendry, 1967;Zielinski, 1966;Zielinski & Walasek, 1977). It was thought that inhibition of delay develops slowly and cannot be applied to explain within-session response decrement early in training (Ayres, BergerGross, Kohler, Mahoney, & Stone, 1979).…”

Section: +10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of delay of the two-way avoidance response and warning-signal salience

Zieliński

Werka

Wilson

et al. 1995

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Effects of extended training (nine sessions, 50 trials each) on two-way avoidance response latencies were studied. For each rat, auditory and visual warning signals (CS) were presented on separate trials, either according to a Gellermann series or in 25-trial blocks. Intermittent presentation of the two kinds of trials yielded shorter latencies and higher levels of avoidance performance in response to the noise CSthan in response to the darkness CS. Presentation of trials in blocks revealed stronger response-eliciting properties of stimuli presented during the second half of the session than of those presented during the first half. A significant decrease of avoidance performance in the early portions of the delay period, an index of inhibition of delay, was obtained on auditory trials presented in the second half of the sessions. Results indicate that strong fear of the warning signal is required for inhibition of delay of avoidance responses. Two-wayavoidance training typically results in a gradual increase in the proportion ofcrossing responses performed during the warning-signal period, and a corresponding decrease in responses during subsequent aversive stimulation. At the outset of training, the rat changes compartments in response to painful stimulation. Fleeing, an innate species-specific defense reaction of rats (Bolles, 1970(Bolles, , 1971, soon becomes the dominant mode of behavior to pain and also to the events signaling painful stimulation. The data showing that escape and avoidance response latencies do not change in the course of training conducted in the shuttlebox (Bolles, Moot, & Nelson, 1976) were in agreement with such an understanding of instrumental defensive responding.A number of experiments yielded results that opposed the assertion of Bolleset al. (1976) concerning the invariance of response latencies in shuttlebox avoidance learning. Shortening of the two-way avoidance response latency was noted during a single training session (Bond, 1981;Galvani & Twitty, 1978). In Starr and Mineka's (1977) experiments, the mean avoidance response latencyThe present research was supported by a statutable grant from the State Committee for Scientific Research to the Nencki Institute. We thank W. Lawicka and 8. Zemicki for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Correspondence should be addressed to K. Zielinski, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (e-mail: ziel@nencki.gov.pl.).-Accepted by previous editor. Vincent M. LoLordo shortened by half a second between the first three and the last three avoidances in a series of 27 consecutive nonshock trials. In the W. R. McAllister, D. E. McAllister, Dieter, and James (1979) study, significant shortening of the avoidance response latency was observed during the second session in rats trained with strong, but not with weak, shock.It seems, however, that during extended training, more complex changes in avoidance response latencies occurred. In our recent experiments on rats trained in twoway avoidance, a sh...

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Section: +10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of delay of the two-way avoidance response and warning-signal salience

Zieliński

Werka

Wilson

et al. 1995

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Such temporally regulated behavior has also been observed, although with more difficulty, in aversively motivated Pavlovian paradigms such as conditioned barpress suppression (Estes & Skinner, 1941), a widely used procedure in which fear triggered by a CS that was previously paired with a footshock US is assessed by measuring the degree to which the CS disrupts baseline barpressing for food or water according to a variable-interval (VI) schedule of reinforcement (see Hammond & Maser, 1970;Hendry & Van-Toller, 1965;Holmes, Jackson, & Byrum 1971;Labarbera & Church, 1974;Libby & Church, 1975;Rosas & Alonso, 1996, 1997a, 1997bSchachtman, Channell, & Hall 1987;Zielinski, 1966).…”

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confidence: 99%

Two components of responding in Pavlovian lick suppression

2011

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The present research examined the temporal distribution of responding in a lick suppression paradigm. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with either a 30-or a 120-s conditioned stimulus (CS), which was followed either by a footshock (unconditioned stimulus [US]) or nothing. Licking during the CS was suppressed only in the former condition. Suppression was more pronounced early in the CS. In Experiment 2, rats were exposed to two 30-s or two 120-s CSs, with delivery of the shock being contingent on CS1 for half of the animals and on CS2 for the other half. For both the paired and the unpaired conditions, suppression at the beginning of CS1 was observed for all the groups. By discounting the possibility of generalization between CS1 and CS2, it appears that this initial suppression was not a conditioned response to the CS, but an unconditioned one due to mere exposure to the shock US.

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“…Although suppression of positively reinforced responses by a stimulus that precedes shock is a well-known phenomenon, it is by no means an invariable finding. For example, under some conditions, conditioned suppression virtually disappears after extended exposure, giving way to a slight acceleration during the first part of the preaversive stimulus (Hendry and Van Toller, 1965;Millenson and Hendry, 1967). An increased response rate during a preaversive stimulus is also produced with low intensities of shock and a differential-reinforcement-oflow-rate (DRL) schedule of positive reinforcement (Blackman, 1968).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PERIODIC SHOCK WITH ADDED CLOCK¹

Hendry¹,

Yarczower

R³

1969

J Exper Analysis Behavior

Self Cite

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Rats were shocked every 6 min while responding was maintained on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. With some rats, shocks were interspersed with a sequence of three different stimulus conditions (S3-'S2--SI), or clock cues, each lasting 2 min. For other rats, a single stimulus condition prevailed between shocks at the beginning of the experiment and clock cues were introduced later. Response rate decreased from S3 to S1. Response rate in S3, S2, and S1 was inversely related to shock intensity. When clock cues were added, response rate increased in all 2-min intershock periods. During clock cues, an index of curvature, indicating the degree of negative acceleration of response rate, was greatest for S1 and least for S3, and was directly related to shock intensity. The response-facilitating effect of shock and its relation to a possible discriminative function of shock and to behavioral contrast is discussed.Responding maintained by a fixed-interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement typically is positively accelerated between reinforcements. The addition of a sequence of cues temporally related to the occurrence of reinforcement accentuates the positive acceleration, whether the cues change continuously (Ferster and Skinner, 1957, p. 266 ff; cf, e.g., Fig. 311, p. 268) or discretely (Segal, 1962;Weiss and Laties, 1964). The procedure of adding a sequence of cues temporally related to reinforcement has been called "added clock" (Ferster and Skinner, 1957), and the cues themselves have been called "clock cues" (Hendry and Dillow, 1966). The accentuation of positive acceleration is probably at least partly due to the fact the early cues are associated with nonreinforcement. The original Fl schedule is thus converted into a multiple Fl EXT (extinction) schedule, and the rate during the EXT components decreases. This account is consistent with the effect of introducing a single, brief clock cue during an Fl schedule: response rate is depressed virtually 'Partially supported by grants from NASA (NsG

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Alleviation of conditioned suppression.

Cited by 35 publications

References 12 publications

Inhibition of delay of the two-way avoidance response and warning-signal salience

Inhibition of delay of the two-way avoidance response and warning-signal salience

Two components of responding in Pavlovian lick suppression

PERIODIC SHOCK WITH ADDED CLOCK¹

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Alleviation of conditioned suppression.

Cited by 35 publications

References 12 publications

Inhibition of delay of the two-way avoidance response and warning-signal salience

Inhibition of delay of the two-way avoidance response and warning-signal salience

Two components of responding in Pavlovian lick suppression

PERIODIC SHOCK WITH ADDED CLOCK1

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PERIODIC SHOCK WITH ADDED CLOCK¹