Alliance Proximity and Effectiveness of Extended Deterrence

Bak, Daehee

doi:10.1080/03050629.2017.1320995

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…This occurs in 997 observations. This aspect of the empirical analysis closely follows previous studies that examine the varying effects of defensive alliances on dispute initiation (Bak 2018;Johnson, Leeds, and Wu 2015;Johnson and Joiner 2019).…”

Section: Dependent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 61%

Alliance Reliability and Dispute Escalation

Wolford¹

2022

Journal of Conflict Resolution

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States form defensive alliances hoping to deter adversaries and avoid war. However, scholars and policy analysts often worry that if an alliance fails to deter the promise of military support will encourage escalation, pushing disputants closer to war. We show that in many cases this concern is unwarranted. We use a game-theoretic model of alliance reliability and crisis bargaining to show that the same factors that indicate unreliability and provoke disputes also encourage alliance members to make concessions rather than risk war. We test this hypothesis using a sample of militarized disputes initiated against members of defensive alliances, where recent shifts in military capabilities represent changes in challengers’ estimates of alliance reliability. Less-reliable alliances are less likely than reliable allies to deter disputes, but they also decrease the probability of escalation relative to reliable alliances. Unreliable alliances need not encourage war; rather, they can discourage it.

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Section: Dependent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 61%

Alliance Reliability and Dispute Escalation

Wolford¹

2022

Journal of Conflict Resolution

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“…Because the balance of threat hypothesis posits state contributions should be proportional to the gravity of the threat, we include a variable for geographic distance from Afghanistan to proxy for how likely a country is to be affected by instability and conflict in the region (Weidmann, Kuse, and Gleditsch 2010). There is also well-established evidence that proximity to areas of strategic interest influences alliance decisions because of factors like deterrence credibility, alliance reliability, and base location (Joyce and Braithwaite 2013; Bak 2018; Nieman et al 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Keeping Your Friends Close, but Acquaintances Closer: Why Weakly Allied States Make Committed Coalition Partners

Gannon

Kent

2020

Journal of Conflict Resolution

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Why do states join wartime coalitions despite the absence of a salient threat or strong ties to the coalition leader? We argue states make unexpectedly high contributions to coalition warfare as a costly signal of their desire for a stronger relationship with the coalition leader. Conventional theories insufficiently explain why states without immediate security interests or strong ties to the lead state over-contribute relative to their capacity. Using newly compiled data on troop contributions to the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014), we find states are most likely to contribute a higher share of their armed forces when their relationship with the US has unrealized alliance potential. States with under-performing alignments leave substantial room for subsequent gains to be had from signaling their commitment to the leading coalition actor. Our finding helps explain why states risk the costs of war—casualties and domestic accountability—by participating in coalition warfare.

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“…Physical distance is a significant barrier to commerce globally, although technological improvements assist lessen trade resistance brought on by high transportation and communication costs (Hkanson and Ambos, 2010;Hutzschenreuter et al, 2014). Existing research has demonstrated that there is a correlation between geographical proximity, transportation costs and commercial activity (Bak, 2018). However, geographic distance increases complexity, which makes it difficult to coordinate and control the activities of organisational units (Jha et al, 2019).…”

Section: Literature Review 21 Performance Of Ijvsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Geographic distance is regarded as the actual distance separating two nations. Literature suggests that geographical distance is an indicator of trade opposition due to its relationship with transportation and communication expenses (Bak, 2018; Herbert, 1984). Geographical distance, as noted by Hkanson and Ambos (2010), has a detrimental effect on the volume of trade between nations.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing structural modelling of inter-partner factors of international joint ventures performance

Batra

Dhir

2022

IJPPM

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PurposeThe study aims to identify, analyse and develop a model for measuring the inter-relationship and interaction among the inter-partner factors. International joint ventures (IJVs) literature has scantly studied the interactions and inter-relationships among the inter-partner factors of IJVs performance. To address this gap, this research creates a hierarchical relationship framework among the inter-partner factors of IJVs performance.Design/methodology/approachThe comprehensive literature review is used to identify the factors and possible relationships between the factors and IJVs performance. M-TISM (modified total interpretive structural modelling) methodology is used to examine the relationship among the factors of IJVs performance.FindingsThis study highlights 12 inter-partner factors that affect IJVs performance. The results suggest that size asymmetry, commitment, goal incongruency, competitive overlap, trust, control, the interdependency of resources, cooperation, economic distance, cultural distance, geographical distance and administrative distance significantly impact IJVs performance. Commitment is found to be a linkage variable as it has high dependence and driving power. Goal incongruency and competitive overlap have high driving power.Research limitations/implicationsThis study gives a proposed list of critical inter-partner factors for policymakers and practitioners to consider when developing rules or recommendations to improve IJVs performance. The focus of policymakers should be on economic and geographical distance, followed by cultural distance, competitive overlap, goal incongruency, size asymmetry and administrative distance to improve inter-relationship among the partners in IJVs. The work contributes to the academician by presenting a modified TISM model that highlights the significance of ambidexterity in driving the performance of IJVs.Originality/valueThis study fills a gap in the literature by analysing the interactions among the inter-partner parameters that influence the performance of IJVs. It offers insights into the variables, such as driver dependence and the relationships between the variables.

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Alliance Proximity and Effectiveness of Extended Deterrence

Cited by 8 publications

References 53 publications

Alliance Reliability and Dispute Escalation

Alliance Reliability and Dispute Escalation

Keeping Your Friends Close, but Acquaintances Closer: Why Weakly Allied States Make Committed Coalition Partners

Developing structural modelling of inter-partner factors of international joint ventures performance

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