Allies today, enemies tomorrow. A comparative analysis of perimortem injuries along the biomechanical continuum

Murphy, Melissa S.; Spatola, Brian F.; Weathermon, Rick

doi:10.1017/cbo9781107051409.019

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Despite lack of production of intact bioceramic conoids, comparison of plug morphology produced by low velocity impacts [15][16][17] with residual fracture morphology subsequent to medium and high velocity impacts reveals similarities that are indicative of a common fracture process. Whilst overlap in external morphology between conoidal wounds produced by blunt and projectile trauma has been reported previously [50][51][52], this is the first report of wounds inflicted at 150 m/s being identical internally to those produced at 850 m/s.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first description of such plugs was provided by Murphy et al [15] who described frontal and parietal plugs associated with perforating wounds of unknown aetiology in archaeological material. Murphy et al [16] later described two more entry wound plugs in a parietal (produced by impact with a train) and occipital (produced by a cross-bow bolt), and Bird and Fleischman [17] later provided additional information on a frontal bone exit wound plug produced by low velocity bullet impact. Significantly, these tri-layered bone plugs are conoidal and the hole they fit into in their parent bone is bevelled accordingly; internally for an entry [15,16], and externally for an exit [17].…”

Section: Bevel Production During the Process Of Projectile Exitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Murphy et al [16] later described two more entry wound plugs in a parietal (produced by impact with a train) and occipital (produced by a cross-bow bolt), and Bird and Fleischman [17] later provided additional information on a frontal bone exit wound plug produced by low velocity bullet impact. Significantly, these tri-layered bone plugs are conoidal and the hole they fit into in their parent bone is bevelled accordingly; internally for an entry [15,16], and externally for an exit [17]. The compressive side of the plug in the outer cortical layer may exhibit compressive damage, whilst the tensile side of the plug in the inner cortical layer is often characterised by radial fractures emanating from a central point, a process resulting in a distinct stellate fracture pattern.…”

Section: Bevel Production During the Process Of Projectile Exitmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel hypothesis for the formation of conoidal projectile wounds in sandwich bones

Rickman

Shackel

2018

Int J Legal Med

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When perforated by a projectile sandwich bones typically exhibit wounds with a distinct conoidal morphology that is widely utilised both in wound diagnosis and trajectory determinations. However, the dynamic fracture mechanisms underlying this intriguing wound type have yet to be experimentally verified. The most frequently quoted hypothesis for their formation, plug and spall, is difficult to reconcile with the conoidal morphology exhibited by such wounds. The present article carries out a high speed videographic and micro-computerised tomographic (µ-CT) analysis of perpendicularly produced projectile wounds induced from 139.15 to 896.84 metres per second (m/s) in pig scapulae. Fundamental data on energy absorption, wound shape and bevel symmetry are presented. Crosssectional fracture morphology revealed by µ-CT raises the novel hypothesis that tensile stresses induced by the projectile in the outer cortex elicit cone crack formation, and that this cone crack then propagates catastrophically through the entire sandwich structure. This process results in the momentary formation of a bioceramic conoid; a conoidal volume of bone consisting of all three sandwich bone layers separated from the parent bone by the internal bevel. Fragmentation of the separated volume leaves the conoidal wound behind as its counterpart. The significance of this hypothesis in terms of differential diagnosis and interpretation of bevel shape is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bevel Production During the Process Of Projectile Exitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bevel Production During the Process Of Projectile Exitmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel hypothesis for the formation of conoidal projectile wounds in sandwich bones

Rickman

Shackel

2018

Int J Legal Med

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“…It was mostly healed, although the superior edge of the depressed area still gaped and a radiating fracture line extended across the inferior portion of the frontal, just superior to the supraorbital ridges, and continued onto the left parietal, terminating on the squamous portion. This large head wound may have been caused by a hand‐held mace; maces were commonly used by groups in the Andes at other times (Murphy et al ). Unfortunately, no weapons have been located in the region to corroborate this.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prehispanic weapons in the Andes included maces, stone and wooden axes, wooden spears, slings and sling stones, and knives made from bronze or obsidian (Rowe ; D'Altroy ; Arkush & Tung :33; Murphy et al :262). Cranial fractures on Individuals 2 and 8 may have been caused by sling stones, based on their location on the cranium in areas that are unlikely to be attacked in face‐to‐face confrontation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trauma in the Titicaca Basin, Bolivia (AD 1000–1450)

Juengst

Chávez

Hutchinson

et al. 2015

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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The Late Intermediate Period (LIP) (AD 1000–1450) in the Andes was a time of turbulent political and social change as two major states, Wari and Tiwanaku, lost power. Increased rates of skeletal trauma in parts of Peru and Chile for this time period have been interpreted as increased interpersonal violence, perhaps as a result of the political vacuum left in the wake of state collapse. In the Titicaca Basin, people increasingly built defensive architecture on the northern lake shore; however, in the southern lake basin, people did not. Few skeletal remains have been excavated in the lake basin overall to corroborate an increase in violent activity or measure if violent activity was increasing for all populations. This paper reports the skeletal trauma for nine LIP individuals excavated from a common tomb on the Copacabana Peninsula in the southern Titicaca basin. This small sample is important for several reasons: (i) they are the only skeletal remains from the Copacabana Peninsula during the LIP; (ii) 100% of the sample population experienced traumatic injury, possibly because of interpersonal violence; and (iii) trauma was often survived. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Experimental and numerical study on failure mechanisms of bone simulants subjected to projectile impact

Żochowski

Cegła

Berent

et al. 2023

Numer Methods Biomed Eng

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Analyses of the human bones failure mechanisms under projectile impact conditions can be made through performing of a large number of ballistic trials. But the amount of data that can be collected during ballistic experiments is limited due to the high dynamics of the process and its destructive character. Numerical analyses may support experimental methodologies allowing to better understand the principles of the phenomenon. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to create and to verify a numerical model of commercially available synthetic bone material-Synbone ® . The model could be used in the future as a supporting tool facilitating forensic studies or designing processes of personal protection systems (helmets, bulletproof vests, etc.). Although Synbone ® is commonly used in the ballistic experiments, the literature lacks reliable numerical models of this material. In order to define a numerical model of Synbone ® , mechanical experiments characterizing the response of the material to the applied loads in a wide range of strains and strain rates were carried out. Based on the mechanical tests results, an appropriate material model was selected for the Synbone ® composite and the values of constants in its equations were determined. Material characterization experiments were subsequently reproduced with numerical simulations and a high correlation of the results was obtained. The final validation of the material model was based on the comparison of the ballistic impact experiments and simulation results. High similarity obtained (relative error lower than 10%) demonstrates that the numerical model of Synbone ® material was properly defined.ballistic impact, beveling effect, numerical modeling, projectile, Synbone ® , synthetic bone | INTRODUCTIONWhen human bone is perforated with small caliber projectiles, characteristic fracture patterns are generated in the internal structure of the bone. A nearly circular hole in the proximal cortical layer (with a diameter slightly larger than

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Allies today, enemies tomorrow. A comparative analysis of perimortem injuries along the biomechanical continuum

Cited by 7 publications

References 32 publications

A novel hypothesis for the formation of conoidal projectile wounds in sandwich bones

A novel hypothesis for the formation of conoidal projectile wounds in sandwich bones

Trauma in the Titicaca Basin, Bolivia (AD 1000–1450)

Experimental and numerical study on failure mechanisms of bone simulants subjected to projectile impact

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