Allometric scaling of body mass in running economy data: An important consideration in modeling marathon performance

Lundstrom, Christopher J.; Biltz, George R.; Snyder, Eric M.; Ingraham, Stacy J.

doi:10.14198/jhse.2017.122.03

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…It is common to report E c per kg of body mass ( Shaw, Ingham & Folland, 2018 ); however, the relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake does not increase proportionately and therefore body mass should be scaled allometrically. As in a previous study, body mass was raised to the power of 0.75 (kcal kg −0.75 km −1 ) ( Lundstrom et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was also measured as the energy cost of running, as previous studies recommended this as the primary measurement of running economy ( Shaw, Ingham & Folland, 2014 ; Shaw et al, 2015 ). Moreover, as previous work indicated that the relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake did not increase proportionately ( Lundstrom et al, 2017 ), body mass was scaled allometrically and energy running cost (E c ) was expressed in kcal kg −0.75 km −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hip muscular strength balance is associated with running economy in recreationally-trained endurance runners

Silva

Lira

Vancini

et al. 2018

PeerJ

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BackgroundThe percentage of sustained maximal oxygen uptake and the running economy are important factors that determine the running success of endurance athletes. Running economy is defined as the oxygen uptake required to run at a given speed and depends on metabolic, cardiorespiratory, biomechanical, neuromuscular, and anthropometric factors. With regard to anthropometric characteristics, total body mass seems to be a crucial factor for the running economy. Moreover, neuromuscular components, especially knee muscular strength and the strength balance ratio, also seem to be critical for the running economy. In addition to knee muscle strength, hip muscle strength is also an important contributor to running performance on level or hilly ground. However, the relationship between running economy and the hip muscles is unknown. Thus the aim of the present study was to verify whether hip flexor and extensor isokinetic peak torque, the isokinetic strength balance ratio, total body mass and fat free mass were associated with running economy in both sexes and to compare sex differences in physical fitness and isokinetic strength characteristics.MethodsA total of 24 male (31.0 ± 7.7 years, 176.2 ± 7.3 cm, and 70.4 ± 8.4 kg) and 15 female (31.3 ± 6.7 years, 162.9 ± 3.9 cm, and 56.0 ± 5.3 kg) recreationally-trained endurance runners were recruited. Maximal oxygen uptake, running economy, conventional (concentric flexors-to-concentric extensors) and functional (concentric flexors-to-eccentric extensors) hip isokinetic strength balance ratios, peak torque of the hip flexor and extensor muscles, total body mass, and fat-free mass were measured. Running economy was assessed on two separate days by means of the energy running cost (Ec) using a motorized treadmill at 10.0 and 12.0 km h−1 (3% gradient) and 11.0 and 14.0 km h−1 (1% gradient).ResultsThe functional balance ratio was significantly and negatively associated with Ec at 11.0 (r = − 0.43, P = 0.04) and 12.0 km h−1 (r = − 0.65, P = 0.04) when using a 3% gradient in male runners. Considering muscular strength, male runners only showed a significant relationship between Ec (assessed at 12 km h−1 and a 3% gradient) and peak torque for extensor muscle eccentric action (r = 0.72, P = 0.04). For female runners, only peak torque relative to total body mass for extensor muscles (180° s−1) was positively associated with Ec when assessed at 10 km h−1 using a 3% gradient (r = 0.59, P = 0.03). No significant relationships were found between Ec and total body mass or fat-free mass.DiscussionGiven that the functional balance ratio was associated with a better Ec, coaches and athletes should consider implementing a specific strengthening program for hip flexor muscles to increase the functional ratio.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hip muscular strength balance is associated with running economy in recreationally-trained endurance runners

Silva

Lira

Vancini

et al. 2018

PeerJ

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“…The methodology for modeling competitive activity has been widely developed in cyclic sports: in athletics (Dobrynskaya & Kozlova, 2013;Morais et al, 2014;Lundstrom et al, 2017;Yang et al, 2020); in swimming (Barbosa et al, 2010;Platonov, 2011;Skirenya, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Competitive Activities of Skaters in Short-Track

Kholodova

Shemchuk

Трачук

et al. 2022

Teor. metod. fiz. vihov.

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Modeling of competitive activity forms the basis for the rationalization and improvement of those means and methods that are used in sports training of athletes. In this regard, a hypothesis was put forward that predictive skating models will ensure the achievement of a certain level of sports results in short-track speed skating. Study purpose. The aim of the study was to develop a prognostic model of the competitive activity of elite athletes at a distance of 500 m in short-track on the basis of regression analysis with a focus on achieving specified results. Materials and methods. The study used an analysis of official competition protocols, modeling method, statistical analysis. The behavior of changes in the speed of skating at a distance of 500 m in 173 elite athletes was analyzed. The main components of competitive activity in short-track were revealed. Results. The results obtained have theoretical significance which lies in the scientific substantiation of the need to improve competitive activity on the basis of its studying and the building of skating models. Their practical significance consists in the development and use of models of competitive activity of elite athletes at a distance of 500 m in short-track, taking into account the construction of a skating option. The presented data are an action plan that allows you to purposefully manage the training process and improve the training of athletes in short-track speed skating at a distance of 500 m in an annual cycle. When processing the results of the study, the level of statistical significance was taken as p ≤ 0.05. Conclusions. The informative characteristics of competitive activity that affect the result at a distance of 500 m include acceleration speed and running speed on the first, second, third and fourth laps of the distance, multiple correlation coefficient r = 0.985 (p < 0.01). These are objective criteria which are a system-forming factor that determines the structure and content of the training process of elite athletes, and allow monitoring the level of special readiness, as well as predicting the ways of further improvement and making timely corrections in the training process.

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Running economy in recreational male and female runners with similar levels of cardiovascular fitness

Mendonça

Matos

Correia

2020

Journal of Applied Physiology

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This study explored differences in running economy between well-conditioned young male and female participants (tested within the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle), matched for age and percent difference between predicted and actual maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). Twenty-three recreational runners (13 males and 12 females), aged 19 to 27 years, performed graded treadmill exercise to assess VO2max. Participants also performed 3 bouts of submaximal continuous treadmill running at 8, 10 and 12 km.h-1. Sex comparisons revealed lower maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and VO2max in females relative to males (p<0.05). However, the percent difference from predicted VO2max was similar between males and females (males: 149.6 ± 18.7; females: 150.8 ± 16.4%, p>0.05). Absolute running economy (mL.kg-0.75.km-1) improved in transition between treadmill speeds and this occurred similarly in both sexes. Despite this, females showed overall lower oxygen cost of running than men during treadmill locomotion at predetermined absolute and relative intensities (p<0.05). Finally, in a small subset of participants (n = 6, 3 male/3 female participants) with similar MAS (16 km-h-1), males still exhibited higher VO2max and gross oxygen cost of running than females (difference of ~ 6% - statistics not computed). The present results indicate that, in males and females with similar percent of predicted VO2max, running economy follows a sexually dimorphic pattern throughout a broad spectrum of treadmill speeds. Ultimately, from a motor-performance perspective, our data strongly suggest that lower VO2max values in female recreational runners are partially compensated by lower gross oxygen cost of locomotion during submaximal running.

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Allometric scaling of body mass in running economy data: An important consideration in modeling marathon performance

Cited by 3 publications

References 19 publications

Hip muscular strength balance is associated with running economy in recreationally-trained endurance runners

Hip muscular strength balance is associated with running economy in recreationally-trained endurance runners

Simulation of Competitive Activities of Skaters in Short-Track

Running economy in recreational male and female runners with similar levels of cardiovascular fitness

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