Allopatric cryptic diversity in the alpine species complex Phtheochroa frigidana s. lat. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract

Abstract. Allopatric alpine populations of Phtheochroa frigidana s. lat. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) are reviewed. In addition to traditional diagnostic characters of external morphology, the genitalia structures of everted vesicae in male genitalia and DNA barcodes are analysed. This new approach supports the existence of five rather than two species in Europe: Phtheochroa schawerdae (Rebel, 1908)

Deep intraspecific DNA barcode splits and hybridisation in the Udea alpinalis group (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Crambidae) – an integrative revision

“…Additional morphological investigations are encouraged regarding the status of the genetic clades. In a similar case, new techniques, like the eversion of the phallus vesica, allowed the morphological differentiation of hitherto exclusively genetic clades (Zlatkov and Huemer 2017). …”

Phtheochroa carpatiana sp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), the Carpathian representative of the Phtheochroa frigidana species-group

“…The examined material was dried, pinned and set. The terminology of wing pattern follows Razowski (1970Razowski ( , 2009 and Zlatkov and Huemer (2017). Genitalia preparation techniques followed the methodology of Robinson (1976).…”

“…Vesicae were dissected and everted under a Carl Zeiss stereomicroscope Stemi 2000c following Zlatkov (2011). The everted vesicae were drawn, photographed and measured following Zlatkov and Huemer (2017) through a Carl Zeiss Jena Amplival compound microscope equipped with a camera lucida and Canon EOS 1300D digital camera. The female genitalia were drawn in a similar manner after being placed on a cavity slide without compression.…”

“…DNA samples from three specimens were prepared according to the prescribed standards and processed at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding (CCDB, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph) to obtain DNA barcodes following the standard high-throughput protocol described in deWaard et al (2008). Two of the resulting sequences (629 bp and 558 bp) and a shorter sequence (307 bp) were analysed together with 11 sequences already published by Zlatkov and Huemer (2017) and a sequence of Phtheochroa rugosana (Hübner, 1799) used as an outgroup. Sequences were submitted to GenBank; further details including complete voucher data and images can be accessed in the public dataset "Phtheochroa frigidana species-group [DS-AALARANE]" https://doi.org/10.5883/DS-AALARANE in the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD; Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007).…”

“…A recent study by Zlatkov and Huemer (2017), involving material originating from the majority of the mountain ranges of Europe, resulted in major reinterpretations of the taxonomy of this group. Combining a new morphological technique, the eversion of the vesica in the male genitalia, along with DNA barcode sequencing of the mitochondrial COI gene resulted in five morphologically and genetically different geographically separated species, one from each mountain range involved in the study: P. cantabriana Zlatkov & Huemer, 2017 from the Cantabrian Mountains, P. frigidana (Guenée, 1845) from the Pyrennees, P. alpinana Zlatkov & Huemer, 2017 from the south-western Alps, P. apenninana Zlatkov & Huemer, 2017 from the Apennines and P. schawerdae (Rebel, 1908) (with P. drenowskyi Rebel, 1916 as its junior synonym) from the Dinaric, Rila and Pirin Mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. Additionally, based only on available literature sources, two other neighbouring populations from the Slovenian Alps and the Carpathian Mountains are assumed to be conspecific with P. schawerdae.…”