Allozyme-Based Phylogeny of North American<i>Callophrys</i>(s. l.) (Lycaenidae)

Pratt, Gordon F.; Ballmer, G. R.; Wright, David M.

doi:10.18473/lepi.v65i4.a1

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…S1), although our results did not conflict with previous estimates of Lycaenid relationships (Eliot 1973;Pierce et al 2002). The subfamily Lycaeninae was reconstructed as monophyletic with high posterior probability for both loci and relationships among Lycaena species were similar to those of prior studies (Pratt and Wright 2002;van Dorp 2004). The consensus inferred species tree, based on 2,000 trees recovered in the tree-searching procedure, similarly reflects the monophyly of subfamily Lycaeninae, as well as uncertainty in early lycaenid divergences (Fig.…”

Section: Evolution Of Associationsupporting

confidence: 79%

Evolution of influence: signaling in a lycaenid-ant interaction

Oliver

Stein

2011

Evol Ecol

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Some phytophagous insects gain defense from natural enemies by associating with otherwise potentially harmful top predators. Many lycaenid butterfly caterpillars are involved in such interactions with ants: larvae provide carbohydrate rewards from the dorsal nectary organ (DNO) to associated ants in return for protection from natural enemies. The stability of these interactions involves signals that identify the lycaenid caterpillar as a mutualist. However, larvae of some lycaenid species, such as Lycaena xanthoides, are found in close association with ants but do not possess the reward producing DNO. Evaluating the relationship in a phylogenetic framework, we show that the association between L. xanthoides and ants likely evolved from a non-ant-associated ancestor. Behavioral trials also show that L. xanthoides larvae are capable of influencing ant behavior to increase ant tending when faced with a simulated predator attack, without providing DNO-derived rewards to ant associates. These results demonstrate that the DNO is not necessary to maintain associations between lycaenid larvae and ants. Third-party Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (interactions may affect the evolution of mutualisms and consideration of underlying evolutionary history is necessary to understand contemporary species associations.

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Section: Evolution Of Associationsupporting

confidence: 79%

Evolution of influence: signaling in a lycaenid-ant interaction

Oliver

Stein

2011

Evol Ecol

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“…Our study included one pair of congeneric butterflies, making it of interest to compare their behaviour. Lycaena rubidus shares the geographical range and habitats of the closely related L. heteronea (Glassberg, 2001;Pratt & Wright, 2002), and possesses the same combination of four visual pigments in the ventral half of the compound eye (Sison-Mangus et al, 2006). Flying over two-dimensional landscapes such as the mountain meadows where we conducted this study, these butterflies are presumably detecting flowers with these ventral ommatidia, implying that in principle the two species can detect the same flower colours.…”

Section: Preferencesmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Lycaena rubidus shares the geographical range and habitats of the closely related L. heteronea (Glassberg, 2001;Pratt & Wright, 2002), and possesses the same combination of four visual pigments in the ventral half of the compound eye (Sison-Mangus et al, 2006). Lycaena rubidus shares the geographical range and habitats of the closely related L. heteronea (Glassberg, 2001;Pratt & Wright, 2002), and possesses the same combination of four visual pigments in the ventral half of the compound eye (Sison-Mangus et al, 2006).…”

Section: Preferencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Butterflies show flower colour preferences but not constancy in foraging at four plant species

Pohl

Wyk

Campbell

2011

Ecological Entomology

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1. The extent to which flower colour and other visual cues influence butterfly flower choice in the field is poorly understood, especially in comparison with choices by Hymenoptera.2. Using a novel approach to studies of visitation behaviour by butterflies, flower colour of four Asteraceae species was phenotypically manipulated to decouple the influence of that trait from others (including morphology and nectar rewards) on visitation by Lycaena heteronea, Speyeria mormonia, Cercyonis oetus, and Phyciodes campestris.3. Flower visits were recorded to experimental flower arrays in subalpine meadows to measure (i) spontaneous preference by butterflies for particular colours and other traits and (ii) flower constancy (longer than expected strings of visits made to flowers of the same species), a behaviour that can reduce interspecific gene flow in plants.4. Over three field seasons, 3558 individual flower visits in 1386 foraging bouts were observed for free-flying butterflies. All four butterfly species responded to the phenotypic manipulations of flower colour, although in different ways. Speyeria mormonia and L. heteronea also exhibited preferences based on other flower traits. Lycaena heteronea responded to combinations of traits such that the other traits it preferred depended upon the context of flower colour.5. None of the butterfly species exhibited flower constancy in any of the arrays employed.6. The observed preferences show that butterflies, like some other pollinators, are potentially capable of exerting selection on colour and other floral traits. Moreover, these flower preferences can depend on the context of other flower traits. The absence of constancy contrasts with reports of high constancy in many bees.

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“…Existing time-calibrated phylogenies allowed quantification of most host shifts within Pieridae (Wheat et al 2007;Cao et al 2016;Woronik 2017;Espeland et al 2018), Nymphalidae (Kodandaramaiah and Wahlberg 2007;Wahlberg et al 2009;Simonsen et al 2010;Mullen et al 2011;de Moya 2016;Su et al 2017;Espeland et al 2018), and Papilionidae (Zakharov et al 2004;Michel et al 2008;Condamine et al 2018). The timing of host shifts in Lycaenidae was quantifiable in "millions of years" for over half of the species in the study (Pratt et al 2011;Stekolnikov et al 2013;Espeland et al 2018). For a handful of recent host shifts, time-calibrated phylogenies that included the relevant host shift were not available, allowing only categorical quantifications of timing (e.g., "recent, within a genus," see Swanson et al 2016).…”

Section: Testing the Relaxed Constraints Hypothesis: Quantifying Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional constraints on brain evolution: Sodium and nitrogen limit brain size

et al. 2020

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Nutrition has been hypothesized as an important constraint on brain evolution. However, it is unclear whether the availability of specific nutrients or the difficulty of locating high-quality diets limits brain evolution, especially over long periods of time. We found that dietary nutrient content predicted brain size across 42 species of butterflies. Brain size, relative to body size, was associated with the sodium and nitrogen content of a species' diet. There was no evidence that host plant apparency (measured by plant height) was related to brain evolution. The timing of diet shifts across species varied from 3.5 to 90 million years ago, but nutritional constraints did not lessen over time as species adapted to a diet. Although nutrition was linked to overall brain volume, there was no evidence that nutrition was related to the relative size of individual brain regions. Laboratory rearing experiments confirmed the underlying assumption of most comparative studies that the majority of interspecific trait variation stems from genetically based differences across species rather than developmental plasticity. This study highlights a novel role of sodium and nitrogen in brain evolution, which is additionally interesting given current anthropogenic change in the availability of these nutrients.

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Allozyme-Based Phylogeny of North AmericanCallophrys(s. l.) (Lycaenidae)

Cited by 9 publications

References 47 publications

Evolution of influence: signaling in a lycaenid-ant interaction

Evolution of influence: signaling in a lycaenid-ant interaction

Butterflies show flower colour preferences but not constancy in foraging at four plant species

Nutritional constraints on brain evolution: Sodium and nitrogen limit brain size

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