Aloe extract inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro and in vivo

Xu, Zhichao; Liu, Yuan; Peng, Peng; Liu, Yufang; Huang, Meiyan; Ma, Yehuan; Xue, Chunyi; Cao, Yongchang

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108849

Cited by 41 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…Aloe vera has a significant inhibitory effect on Herpes simplex virus type 1 , Influenza virus , and Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. In addition, our previous study found that Ae can inhibit Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in vitro and in vivo [ 39 ], which prompted us to determine whether Ae can resist PRRSV infection, another common virus in the pig farms. In our experiment, we found that Ae could inhibit PRRSV infection in Marc-145 and iPAM cells in vitro.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IFA was performed to observe PRRSV-infected cells as described previously with some modifications [ 39 ]. Briefly, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at 4 °C and then permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 for 15 min at room temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The efficacy of Emodin to inactivate PRRSV directly was determined as previously described with some modifications [ 39 ]. Briefly, PRRSV strain Li11 of 3.5 × 10 6 PFU was mixed with Emodin at a concentration of 6.25 μg/mL for 3 h at 37 °C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emodin from Aloe Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus via Toll-Like Receptor 3 Activation

Huang

Xia

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes severe reproductive failure in sows and respiratory diseases in growing and finishing pigs and results in great economic losses to the swine industry. Although vaccines are available, PRRSV remains a major threat to the pig farms. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop antiviral drugs to compensate for vaccines. In this study, we report that Aloe extract (Ae) can strongly inhibit PRRSV in Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages lines (iPAMs) in vitro. Furthermore, we identified a novel anti-PRRSV molecule, Emodin, from Ae by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Emodin exerted its inhibitory effect through targeting the whole stages of PRRSV infectious cycle. Moreover, we also found that Emodin can inactivate PRRSV particles directly. Notably, we confirmed that Emodin was able to significantly induce Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) (p < 0.01), IFN-α (p < 0.05) and IFN-β expression in iPAMs, indicating that induction of antiviral agents via TLR3 activation by Emodin might contribute to its anti-PRRSV effect. These findings imply that the Emodin from Aloe could hamper the proliferation of PRRSV in vitro and might constitute a new approach for treating PRRSV infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emodin from Aloe Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus via Toll-Like Receptor 3 Activation

Huang

Xia

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…All cells were cultured in Dulbecco’ s modified eagle medium (DMEM) (Hyclone, USA) supplemented with 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 U/mL streptomycin, and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (BOVOGEN, Australia). The maintenance medium for PEDV, SADS-CoV, or PDCoV propagation was DMEM supplemented with 7.5 μg/mL trypsin (Gibco, USA)( 45 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homo-harringtonine (HHT) – A highly effective drug against coronaviruses and the potential for large-scale clinical applications

Wen

Lin

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In the search for treatment schemes of COVID-19, we start by examining the general weakness of coronaviruses and then identify approved drugs attacking that weakness. The approach, if successful, should identify drugs with a specific mechanism that is at least as effective as the best drugs proposed and are ready for clinical trials. All coronaviruses translate their non-structural proteins (~16) in concatenation, resulting in a very large super-protein. Homo-harringtonine (HHT), which has been approved for the treatment of leukemia, blocks protein elongation very effectively. Hence, HHT can repress the replication of many coronaviruses at the nano-molar concentration. In two mouse models, HHT clears SARS-CoV-2 in 3 days, especially by nasal dripping of 40 ug per day. We also use dogs to confirm the safety of HHT delivered by nebulization. The nebulization scheme could be ready for large-scale applications at the onset of the next epidemics. For the current COVID-19, a clinical trial has been approved by the Ditan hospital of Beijing but could not be implemented for want of patients. The protocol is available to qualified medical facilities.

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“…For swine enteropathogenic CoVs infection prevention, the administration of vaccines and antiviral drugs are important tool. Currently a number of vaccines and antiviral drugs, such as killed, liveattenuated vaccine, shRNA expression vector are widely used to prevent swine enteropathogenic CoVs infection (46)(47)(48)(49). However, it still can not stop the swine enteropathogenic CoVs outbreak, due to they are not optimal in terms of safety and efficacy, and large-scale infections still occur, resulting in the death of large numbers of piglets, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry (23,(50)(51)(52), indicating that a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of swine enteropathogenic CoVs is needed to develop more effective prevention and control measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Roles of Apoptosis in Swine Response to Viral Infection and Pathogenesis of Swine Enteropathogenic Coronaviruses

Zhang

Cao

2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Apoptosis is a tightly regulated mechanism of cell death that plays important roles in various biological processes including biological evolution, multiple system development, anticancer, and viral infections. Swine enteropathogenic coronaviruses invade and damage villous epithelial cells of the small intestine causing severe diarrhea with high mortality rate in suckling piglets. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are on the top list of commonly-seen swine coronaviruses with a feature of diarrhea, resulting in significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Apoptosis has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis process of animal virus infectious diseases. Understanding the roles of apoptosis in host responses against swine enteropathogenic coronaviruses infection contribute to disease prevention and control. Here we summarize the recent findings that focus on the apoptosis during swine coronaviruses infection, in particular, TGEV, PEDV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV.

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Aloe extract inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro and in vivo

Abstract: Highlights Aloe extract inhibits PEDV replication in Vero and IPEC-J2 cells in vitro. Aloe extract can inactivate PEDV virions directly. Oral administration of Aloe extract can protect newborn piglets against PEDV infection in vivo .

Cited by 41 publications

References 50 publications

Emodin from Aloe Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus via Toll-Like Receptor 3 Activation

Emodin from Aloe Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus via Toll-Like Receptor 3 Activation

Homo-harringtonine (HHT) – A highly effective drug against coronaviruses and the potential for large-scale clinical applications

The Roles of Apoptosis in Swine Response to Viral Infection and Pathogenesis of Swine Enteropathogenic Coronaviruses

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