“…Driven by direct current across the membrane stack, the water molecules in the intermediate layer of the bipolar membrane (BP) are dissociated into OH – and H + . Combined with anion-exchange membranes and cation-exchange membranes, the BMED system can convert salts in situ into corresponding acids and bases production. , Hence, the BMED technique has a wide range of applications in the fields of chemical industry, food processing, hypersaline wastewater treatment, resource recovery, and fermentation engineering. − The BMED technology has also been used to produce inorganic acids and bases from salts, such as Na 3 PO 4 , NaCl, NH 4 Cl, NaNO 3 , NaBr, and Na 2 SO 4 . , In addition to producing inorganic bases and acids, the BMED technique has been applied for the production of organic acids, such as nicotinic acid, succinic acid, and sebacic acid or α-ketoglutaric acid . As mentioned above, the feasibility of the BMED technique for inorganic acid production has been proven, with acceptable unit energy consumptions and current efficiencies.…”