Alteration progress within the Surtsey hydrothermal system, SW Iceland – A time-lapse petrographic study of cores drilled in 1979 and 2017

Prause, Simon; Weisenberger, Tobias B.; Cappelletti, Piergiulio; Grimaldi, Carla; Rispoli, Concetta; Jónasson, Kristján; Jackson, M.; Guðmundsson, M. T.

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106754

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…The cores extracted from the SE-01 borehole in 1979 and the SE-02b borehole in 2017 indicate that the subsurface of Surtsey consists mainly of lithified tephra, mainly lapilli tuff, and minor amounts of weakly consolidated tephra and alkali olivine basalt intrusions ( Jakobsson and Moore, 1982 ; McPhie et al, 2020 ; Figure 1 ). The principal authigenic minerals in the lapilli tuff are smectitic clay mineral (nontronite and clinochlore), analcite, phillipsite, Al-tobermorite, and anhydrite ( Jakobsson and Moore, 1986 ; Jackson et al, 2019a ; Prause et al, 2020 ). Alteration through palagonitization and production of authigenic cementitious minerals has progressed during the past 38years, from 1979 to 2017 ( Jackson, 2020 ; Prause et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highly porous subaerial and submarine tephra deposits were largely transformed to palagonitized lapilli tuff by 1979, described in studies of the SE-01 drill core ( Jakobsson and Moore, 1982 ; Jakobsson and Moore, 1986 ). Progressive alteration was recorded in samples from a parallel, time-lapse drill core acquired in 2017, SE-02b ( Figure 1 ; Prause et al, 2020 ). A recent study of geothermal water chemistries in the 1979 and 2017 Surtsey boreholes indicates depletion in boron, magnesium, iron, carbon dioxide, and sulfate concentrations, suggesting that the fluid compositions in the subsurface deposits are controlled by seawater-basalt interactions and temperature ( Kleine et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have described the volcanic structure of Surtsey and the geochemical, chemical, and mineralogical changes in the altered basaltic deposits ( Jakobsson and Moore, 1982 ; Jakobsson and Moore, 1986 ; Schipper et al, 2016 ; McPhie et al, 2020 ; Moore and Jackson, 2020 ; Prause et al, 2020 ). Little is known, however, about the microorganisms inhabiting the subsurface and their metabolic potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basalt-Hosted Microbial Communities in the Subsurface of the Young Volcanic Island of Surtsey, Iceland

et al. 2021

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The island of Surtsey was formed in 1963–1967 on the offshore Icelandic volcanic rift zone. It offers a unique opportunity to study the subsurface biosphere in newly formed oceanic crust and an associated hydrothermal-seawater system, whose maximum temperature is currently above 120°C at about 100m below surface. Here, we present new insights into the diversity, distribution, and abundance of microorganisms in the subsurface of the island, 50years after its creation. Samples, including basaltic tuff drill cores and associated fluids acquired at successive depths as well as surface fumes from fumaroles, were collected during expedition 5059 of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program specifically designed to collect microbiological samples. Results of this microbial survey are investigated with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and scanning electron microscopy. To distinguish endemic microbial taxa of subsurface rocks from potential contaminants present in the drilling fluid, we use both methodological and computational strategies. Our 16S rRNA gene analysis results expose diverse and distinct microbial communities in the drill cores and the borehole fluid samples, which harbor thermophiles in high abundance. Whereas some taxonomic lineages detected across these habitats remain uncharacterized (e.g., Acetothermiia, Ammonifexales), our results highlight potential residents of the subsurface that could be identified at lower taxonomic rank such as Thermaerobacter, BRH-c8a (Desulfallas-Sporotomaculum), Thioalkalimicrobium, and Sulfurospirillum. Microscopy images reveal possible biotic structures attached to the basaltic substrate. Finally, microbial colonization of the newly formed basaltic crust and the metabolic potential are discussed on the basis of the data.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basalt-Hosted Microbial Communities in the Subsurface of the Young Volcanic Island of Surtsey, Iceland

et al. 2021

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“…5 and 8). In addition, K released by basaltic glass dissolution appears to be taken up by the crystallization of K-bearing phillipsite, smectites and Al-tobermorite, which are common authigenic minerals in the 1979 drill core samples (Jackson et al, 2019a;Jakobsson and Moore, 1986;Prause et al, 2020). However, measured K concentrations in the borehole waters are relatively high compared to the corresponding seawater concentration (Figs.…”

Section: H +mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Major element geochemistry of the host basaltic tuff (Jackson et al, 2019b) indicates that as Na2O increases, K2O decreases. This may result from early dissolution of glass and precipitation of phillipsite, which then may alter in situ to produce analcime (Jackson et al, 2019a;Prause et al, 2020), thus releasing K to the interstitial fluids.…”

Section: H +mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Surtsey volcano geothermal system: An analogue for seawater-oceanic crust interaction with implications for the elemental budget of the oceanic crust

et al. 2020

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Surtsey is a young volcanic island in the offshore extension of Iceland's southeast rift zone that grew from the seafloor during explosive and effusive eruptions in 1963-1967. In 1979, a cored borehole (SE-1) was drilled to 181 m depth and in 2017 three cored boreholes (SE-2a, SE-2b and SE-3) were drilled to successively greater depths. The basaltic deposits host a low-temperature (40-141 °C) seawater-dominated geothermal system. Surtsey provides an ideal environment to study water-rock interaction processes in a young seawater geothermal system. Elemental concentrations (SiO2, B, Na, Ca, Mg, F, dissolved inorganic carbon, SO4, Cl) and isotope contents (δD, δ 18 O) in borehole fluids indicate that associated geothermal waters in submarine deposits originated from seawater modified by reactions with the surrounding basalt. These processes produce authigenic minerals in the basaltic lapilli tuff and a corresponding depletion of certain elements in the residual waters. Coupling of measured and modeled concentrations investigates the effect of temperature and associated abundance of authigenic minerals on chemical fluxes from and to the igneous oceanic crust during lowtemperature alteration. The annual chemical fluxes calculated at 50-150 °C range from-0.01 to +0.1×10 12 mol yr-1 for SiO2, +0.2 to +129×10 12 mol yr-1 for Ca,-129 to-0.8×10 12 mol yr-1 for Mg and-21 to +0.4×10 12 mol yr-1 for SO4 where negative values indicate chemical fluxes from the ocean into the oceanic crust and positive values indicate fluxes from the oceanic crust to the oceans. These flux calculations reveal that water-rock interaction at varying water-rock ratios and temperatures produces authigenic minerals that serve as important sinks of seawaterderived SiO2, Mg and SO4. In contrast, water-rock interaction accompanied by dissolution of 2 basaltic glass and primary crystal fragments, provides a significant source of Ca. Such lowtemperature alteration could effectively influence the elemental budget of the oceanic igneous crust and ocean waters. The modelling provides insights into water chemistries and chemical fluxes in low-temperature MOR recharge zones. Surtsey also provides a valuable young analogue for assessing the chemical evolution of fluid discharge over the life cycles of seamounts in ridge flank systems.

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Seismic activity associated with the 1963–1967 Surtsey eruption off the coast of South Iceland

2021

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Alteration progress within the Surtsey hydrothermal system, SW Iceland – A time-lapse petrographic study of cores drilled in 1979 and 2017

Cited by 18 publications

References 57 publications

Basalt-Hosted Microbial Communities in the Subsurface of the Young Volcanic Island of Surtsey, Iceland

Basalt-Hosted Microbial Communities in the Subsurface of the Young Volcanic Island of Surtsey, Iceland

The Surtsey volcano geothermal system: An analogue for seawater-oceanic crust interaction with implications for the elemental budget of the oceanic crust

Seismic activity associated with the 1963–1967 Surtsey eruption off the coast of South Iceland

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