Alterations in body lean angle in lame horses before and after diagnostic analgesia in straight lines in hand and on the lunge

Greve, Line; Pfau, Thilo; Dyson, Sue

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.07.006

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In contrast, six asymmetry parameters were affected by speed on the inside rein and three on the outside rein. This supports our hypothesis that average-rein measurements are less affected by changes in speed, of course, with the caveat that similar speeds are used on the two reins and also with keeping in mind that more similar body lean angle between reins has been observed after successful diagnostic analgesia (9). Future studies should consider a direct speed measurement, for example, via GPS or calculating speed from the number of circles trotted (determined from inertial sensor heading data) and the circle radius so as to avoid using subjectively defined speed categories.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The increase in movement asymmetry on the lunge as a function of body lean ( 5 ) currently presents a challenge for integrating quantitative movement asymmetry measurements into the lameness examination. The recently shown effect that, after successful diagnostic analgesia of limb-related lameness, body lean angle becomes more similar between lunging directions ( 9 ) highlights the potential of investigating methods that combine the measurements obtained on left and right rein into one combined outcome parameter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Speed and Surface Type on Individual Rein and Combined Left–Right Circle Movement Asymmetry in Horses on the Lunge

et al. 2021

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Differences in movement asymmetry between surfaces and with increasing speed increase the complexity of incorporating gait analysis measurements from lunging into clinical decision making. This observational study sets out to quantify by means of quantitative gait analysis the influence of surface and speed on individual-rein movement asymmetry measurements and their averages across reins (average-rein measurements). Head, withers, and pelvic movement asymmetry was quantified in 27 horses, identified previously as presenting with considerable movement asymmetries on the straight, during trot in hand and on the lunge on two surfaces at two speeds. Mixed linear models (p < 0.05) with horse as the random factor and surface and speed category (and direction) as fixed factors analyzed the effects on 11 individual-rein and average-rein asymmetry measures. Limits of agreement quantified differences between individual-rein and average-rein measurements. A higher number of individual-rein asymmetry variables—particularly when the limb that contributed to movement asymmetry on the straight was on the inside of the circle—were affected by speed (nine variables, all p ≤ 0.047) and surface (three variables, all p ≤ 0.037) compared with average-rein asymmetry variables (two for speed, all p ≤ 0.003; two for surface, all p ≤ 0.046). Six variables were significantly different between straight-line and average-rein assessments (all p ≤ 0.031), and asymmetry values were smaller for average-rein assessments. Limits of agreement bias varied between +0.4 and +4.0 mm with standard deviations between 3.2 and 12.9 mm. Fewer average-rein variables were affected by speed highlighting the benefit of comparing left and right rein measurements. Only one asymmetry variable showed a surface difference for individual-rein and average-rein data, emphasizing the benefit of assessing surface differences on each rein individually. Variability in straight-line vs. average-rein measurements across horses and exercise conditions highlight the potential for average-rein measurements during the diagnostic process; further studies after diagnostic analgesia are needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Speed and Surface Type on Individual Rein and Combined Left–Right Circle Movement Asymmetry in Horses on the Lunge

et al. 2021

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“…This study showed that predicted body lean angles underestimate MCIII angle for the inside leg when horses are galloping on the straight, and overestimate outside leg inclination angle on a curve. Predicted leans show some variation from true body lean in horses moving on circles [19], which may be explained by horses bending, by individual differences [19] or by subclinical lameness [31]. Greater differences between inside and outside limb inclination than would be predicted simply by calculating the curve radius of each limb are seen in both this study and in the study which demonstrated that on a 10 m flat curve the inside limb was at a 5.2˚greater angle than the outside limb [4].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 97%

The effect of curve running on distal limb kinematics in the Thoroughbred racehorse

et al. 2020

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During racing, injury is more likely to occur on a bend than on a straight segment of track. This study aimed to quantify the effects of galloping at training speeds on large radius curves on stride parameters and limb lean angle in order to assess estimated consequences for limb loading. Seven Thoroughbred horses were equipped with a sacrum-mounted inertial measurement unit with an integrated GPS, two hoof-mounted accelerometers and retro-reflective markers on the forelimbs. Horses galloped 2–4 circuits anticlockwise around an oval track and were filmed at 120 frames per second using an array of ten cameras. Speed and curve radius were derived from GPS data and used to estimate the centripetal acceleration necessary to navigate the curve. Stride, stance and swing durations and duty factor (DF) were derived from accelerometer data. Limb markers were tracked and whole limb and third metacarpus (MCIII) angles were calculated. Data were analysed using mixed effects models with a significance level of p < 0.05. For horses galloping on the correct lead, DF was higher for the inside (lead) leg on the straight and on the curve. For horses galloping on the incorrect lead, there was no difference in DF between inside and outside legs on the straight or on the curve. DF decreased by 0.61% of DF with each 1 m s-2 increase in centripetal acceleration (p < 0.001). Whole limb inclination angle increased by 1.5° per 1 m s-1 increase in speed (p = 0.002). Limb lean angles increase as predicted, and lead limb function mirrors the functional requirements for curve running. A more comprehensive understanding of the effects of lean and torque on the distal limb is required to understand injury mechanisms.

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“…), taking shorter steps (Dyson ), alteration of limb flight and increasing body lean (Greve et al . ). It has been observed that owners, riders and trainers appear to have a poor ability to recognise signs of pain manifested when horses are ridden.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Application of a ridden horse ethogram to video recordings of 21 horses before and after diagnostic analgesia: Reduction in behaviour scores

Dyson

Dijk

2018

Equine Veterinary Education

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Identification of low-grade lameness is challenging. A whole horse ridden ethogram has been developed, describing 24 behavioural markers. Previous work indicated that the presence of ≥8 behavioural markers was likely to reflect musculoskeletal pain. The objectives of this repeated measures study were to compare the results of application of the ridden-horse ethogram by trained and untrained assessors to horses before and after musculoskeletal pain had been substantially improved using diagnostic analgesia, and to assess the repeatability of the ethogram application among untrained assessors, and to compare their performance with a trained assessor. All horses underwent a comprehensive lameness investigation. Anonymised video recordings of 21 lame horses, ridden by professional riders in trot and canter before and after diagnostic analgesia had abolished lameness, were reviewed in a random order by a trained assessor and 10 untrained assessors. For each horse the duration of the recordings before and after diagnostic analgesia was time matched. The most frequent lameness grade was 2/8 (range 1-4). For the trained assessor, the number of behaviours exhibited by lame horses before diagnostic analgesia ranged from 3-12/24 (median 10; mean 8.9). After lameness and overall performance had been substantially improved using diagnostic analgesia, the number of behaviours ranged from 0-6/24 (median 3; mean 3.0). The decrease in behaviour scores for all assessors after diagnostic analgesia was highly significant (Z = 20,147, P<0.0001). Agreement between the trained assessor and untrained assessors was moderate before diagnostic analgesia and nonexistent after analgesia (Fleiss Kappa 0.49, 0 respectively), when individual behaviours were assessed. The main limitation was that horses were anonymised, but it was impossible to blind their identity, so bias is possible. It was concluded that despite limitations in the agreement between untrained observers and the trained assessor, the ethogram is a potentially valuable tool for determining the presence of musculoskeletal pain and may be useful for longitudinal monitoring of improvement in lameness.

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Alterations in body lean angle in lame horses before and after diagnostic analgesia in straight lines in hand and on the lunge

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Effect of Speed and Surface Type on Individual Rein and Combined Left–Right Circle Movement Asymmetry in Horses on the Lunge

Effect of Speed and Surface Type on Individual Rein and Combined Left–Right Circle Movement Asymmetry in Horses on the Lunge

The effect of curve running on distal limb kinematics in the Thoroughbred racehorse

Application of a ridden horse ethogram to video recordings of 21 horses before and after diagnostic analgesia: Reduction in behaviour scores

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