Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of collagen IV, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP) 2 in dentigerous cysts (DCs), radicular cysts (RCs), keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KOTs), and ameloblastomas. Study design. Twenty cases of DCs, 20 RCs, 20 KOTs, and 20 ameloblastomas were selected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results. Most DCs and RCs showed continuous and Ͼ50% staining for collagen IV in the basement membrane of the epithelium, whereas predominantly discontinuous thin and Յ50% staining was observed in KOTs and ameloblastomas, with a significant difference in staining percentage (P Ͻ .001). MMP-9 was diffusely distributed and localized in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells of all of the lesions analyzed. The staining percentage was higher in the epithelium (P ϭ .058) and mesenchyme (P ϭ .005) of KOTs and ameloblastomas. Moreover, the distribution pattern, location, and percentage of expression of TIMP-2 were similar in the lesions studied, except for ameloblastoma, with a significant difference in staining percentage (P Ͻ .001).Conclusion. These results demonstrate that the interaction between collagen IV, MMP-9, and TIMP-2 is an important factor for the establishment of differences in the biologic behavior of the odontogenic cysts and tumors studied. Factors related to the epithelial and mesenchymal components participate in the regulation of the growth of odontogenic cystic lesions and tumors. 1 The altered expression of specific proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM), associated with the exuberant presence of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the absence of expression of metalloproteinase inhibitors (TIMPs), may influence the behavior of these lesions. In the case of tumors, this situation contributes to the growth and higher aggressiveness of the tumor. 2 The odontogenic keratocyst, recently reclassified as keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KOT), 3 is known for its aggressive nature and high rate of recurrence, especially compared with other odontogenic cysts. 4 Ameloblastoma is a locally aggressive benign epithelial odontogenic tumor with a marked invasion potential that results in multiple recurrences after enucleation and curettage. 5 In contrast, dentigerous (DC) and radicular (RC) cysts show an indolent behavior and rarely recur after surgical removal. KOT presents a cystic structure similar to that of DC and RC, but its invasive and destructive growth is similar to that of ameloblastoma. 6 KOT, ameloblastoma, DC, and RC show distinct evolutions and biologic behaviors. In view of this fact, a growing number of studies have tried to identify