Alterations in Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Functionality and Bacterial Populations Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Nicotinamide Riboside and Its Derivatives

Abstract

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) acts as a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursor where NR supplementation has previously been shown to be beneficial. Thus, we synthesized and characterized nicotinamide riboside tributyrate chloride (NRTBCl, water-soluble) and nicotinamide riboside trioleate chloride (NRTOCl, oil-soluble) as two new ester derivatives of nicotinamide riboside chloride (NRCl). NRCl and its derivatives were assessed in vivo, via intra-amniotic administration (Gallus gallus), with the following treatment groups: (1) non-injected (control); and injection of (2) deionized H2O (control); (3) NRCl (30 mg/mL dose); (4) NRTBCl (30 mg/mL dose); and (5) NRTOCl (30 mg/mL dose). Post-intervention, the effects on physiological markers associated with brush border membrane morphology, intestinal bacterial populations, and duodenal gene expression of key proteins were investigated. Although no significant changes were observed in average body weights, NRTBCl exposure increased average cecum weight. NR treatment significantly increased Clostridium and NRCl treatment resulted in increased populations of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and E. coli. Duodenal gene expression analysis revealed that NRCl, NRTBCl, and NRTOCl treatments upregulated the expression of ZnT1, MUC2, and IL6 compared to the controls, suggesting alterations in brush border membrane functionality. The administration of NRCl and its derivatives appears to trigger increased expression of brush border membrane digestive proteins, with added effects on the composition and function of cecal microbial populations. Additional research is now warranted to further elucidate the effects on inflammatory biomarkers and observe changes in the specific intestinal bacterial populations post introduction of NR and its derivatives.

Alterations in Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Functionality and Bacterial Populations Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Catechin and Its Derivatives

“…This study focuses on novel and more stable catechin derivatives, catechin-P-A, and catechin-P-B, synthesized using acetic anhydride and butyric anhydride, respectively. The studied esterification reactions were executed under mild conditions and resulted in acceptable yields, as shown in our previous work [ 46 ]. The final purified products were characterized using FTIR, NMR, and LC-MS to confirm their structures, demonstrating the synthesis of catechin pentabutanoate and catechin pentaacetate with high purity.…”

“…Finally, it is important to emphasize that further assessments are necessary to confirm the potential effects of catechin and its derivatives on intestinal morphology and functionality due to potential SCFA production by cecal and/or small intestinal microbiome, as discussed. Overall, current results introduce an innovative approach to evaluating the impact of catechin and its derivatives on BBM functional biomarkers, and intestinal microbial populations, in vivo [ 46 ].…”

“…versus those of potentially pathogenic bacteria ( E. coli and Clostridium spp.). We hypothesize that catechin and its more stable derivatives, when administered intra-amniotically, will cause favorable alterations in BBM functionality and development and positively modulate the gut microbial populations, where increased effects will be seen with catechin derivatives due to increased stability within the gastrointestinal tract as was demonstrated in our previous work [ 46 ].…”

“…UV-vis was recorded on a Shimadzu UV-2600 spectrophotometer, as was previously described [ 32 , 46 ].…”

“…As previously described [ 34 , 43 , 44 , 46 ], the primers used in the real-time polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) were designed using Real-Time Primer Design Tool software (IDT DNA, Coralvilla, IA, USA) based on 13 gene sequences from the GenBank database. The sequences are shown in Table S1 .…”