Alterations in the pattern of mastication after ablations of the lateral precentral cortex in rhesus macaques

Larson, Charles R.; Byrd, Kenneth E.; Garthwaite, Charles R.; Luschei, Erich S.

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(80)90189-2

Cited by 67 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Indeed, we have recently demonstrated that uni-lateral lesions of the wMCx dramatically affect the kinematics of whisker movements (Keller et al, 2001). A similar result was found in the monkey after lesions of the lateral precentral cortex, which affected the magnitude of mastication but not its underlying rhythmic nature (Larson et al, 1980). This suggests that rhythmic facial movements are generated by a subcortical pattern generator (Gao et al, 2001a) whose activity is regulated by cortical inputs.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Functional circuitry involved in the regulation of whisker movements

Hattox

Priest

Keller

2001

J of Comparative Neurology

155

143

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Neuroanatomical tract-tracing methods were used to identify the oligosynaptic circuitry by which the whisker representation of the motor cortex (wMCx) influences the facial motoneurons that control whisking activity (wFMNs). Injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B into physiologically identified wFMNs in the lateral facial nucleus resulted in dense, bilateral labeling throughout the brainstem reticular formation and in the ambiguus nucleus as well as predominantly ipsilateral labeling in the paralemniscal, pedunculopontine tegmental, Kölliker-Fuse, and parabrachial nuclei. In addition, neurons in the following midbrain regions projected to the wFMNs: superior colliculus, red nucleus, periaqueductal gray, mesencephalon, pons, and several nuclei involved in oculomotor behaviors. Injections of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine into the wMCx revealed direct projections to the brainstem reticular formation as well as multiple brainstem and midbrain structures shown to project to the wFMNs. Regions in which retrograde labeling and anterograde labeling overlap most extensively include the brainstem parvocellular, gigantocellular, intermediate, and medullary (dorsal and ventral) reticular formations; ambiguus nucleus; and midbrain superior colliculus and deep mesencephalic nucleus. Other regions that contain less dense regions of combined anterograde and retrograde labeling include the following nuclei: the interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus, the pontine reticular formation, and the lateral periaqueductal gray. Premotoneurons that receive dense inputs from the wMCx are likely to be important mediators of cortical regulation of whisker movements and may be a key component in a central pattern generator involved in the generation of rhythmic whisking activity. Keywordscentral pattern generator; motor cortex; facial nucleus; brainstem; rat Production of rhythmic whisker movements ("whisking") is a critical exploratory behavior in several mammalian species (see, e.g., Vincent, 1912;Brecht et al., 1997) and is emerging as a model system for studying mechanisms of voluntary movements (Kleinfeld et al., 1997). Whisking consists of large-amplitude protractions of the large mystacial vibrissae, with spectral components between 6 and 9 Hz (Semba and Komisaruk, 1984). The whisker representation of the motor cortex (wMCx) occupies approximately one-third of the rodent motor cortex, and low-intensity stimulation of this region evokes whisker protractions (Donoghue and Wise, 1982;Weiss and Keller, 1994). The patterns of afferent, efferent, and intracortical connections of the wMCx suggest that the area is devoted primarily to regulating whisker movements (Donoghue and Parham, 1983;Miyashita et al., 1994;Weiss and Keller, 1994). However, the mechanisms by which the wMCx regulates whisking are at present unknown. Support for a role of the wMCx in regulating whisking is derived from studies demonstrating correlations between wMCx unit activity and EMG recorded from the whis...

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Functional circuitry involved in the regulation of whisker movements

Hattox

Priest

Keller

2001

J of Comparative Neurology

155

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…If the inhibition were to act on the CPG implicated in the pons activation, for example via GABAergic or glycinergic inhibitory premotor neurons (60,61), it has interesting implications for the role of the prefrontal cortex during the preswallow period: does the frontal cortex modulate the CPG directly, as previous evidence implies (49), via projections to the facial (62) or peritrigeminal (59,63,64) regions? Or does it circumvent the influence of the inhibition by controlling the oral preparatory phase independently, via innervation of the orofacial region by the motor cortex (49,50,65,66)? The two explanations are not mutually exclusive, and, if the frontal cortex did modulate the CPG directly, this response would represent an example of disinhibition rather than inhibition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overdrinking, swallowing inhibition, and regional brain responses prior to swallowing

Saker

Farrell

Egan

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In humans, drinking replenishes fluid loss and satiates the sensation of thirst that accompanies dehydration. Typically, the volume of water drunk in response to thirst matches the deficit. Exactly how this accurate metering is achieved is unknown; recent evidence implicates swallowing inhibition as a potential factor. Using fMRI, this study investigated whether swallowing inhibition is present after more water has been drunk than is necessary to restore fluid balance within the body. This proposal was tested using ratings of swallowing effort and measuring regional brain responses as participants prepared to swallow small volumes of liquid while they were thirsty and after they had overdrunk. Effort ratings provided unequivocal support for swallowing inhibition, with a threefold increase in effort after overdrinking, whereas addition of 8% (wt/vol) sucrose to water had minimal effect on effort before or after overdrinking. Regional brain responses when participants prepared to swallow showed increases in the motor cortex, prefrontal cortices, posterior parietal cortex, striatum, and thalamus after overdrinking, relative to thirst. Ratings of swallowing effort were correlated with activity in the right prefrontal cortex and pontine regions in the brainstem; no brain regions showed correlated activity with pleasantness ratings. These findings are all consistent with the presence of swallowing inhibition after excess water has been drunk. We conclude that swallowing inhibition is an important mechanism in the overall regulation of fluid intake in humans.thirst | drinking | swallowing | inhibition | fMRI F luid depletion leads to drinking, an important evolutionary behavior that satisfies the physiological need to replenish lost fluid. The motivation to begin drinking is normally provided, in humans at least, by the presence of a subjective state of thirst. At some point after drinking has commenced, the sensation of thirst disappears and is replaced by the experience of satiation, along with the cessation of drinking. Studies performed in humans and animals indicate the regulatory mechanisms that have evolved to govern the cessation of drinking appear to be tightly calibrated, with the amount of fluid ingested commensurate with the degree of fluid depletion, even though some variation occurs between species regarding the time taken to conclude drinking (1-3).Several factors have been implicated in the regulation of fluid intake, with the majority relating to thirst and the initiation of drinking. These include signals produced by osmoreceptors in the lamina terminalis (4-6), which respond to cellular dehydration and the resulting increase in sodium concentration within the cerebral spinal fluid (2), and signals produced in response to extracellular dehydration, such as those associated with the renin-angiotensin system, which is activated as a result of changes in vascular pressure and volume (7,8). In comparison, the mechanisms responsible for terminating drinking are less well understood. Oropharyngeal metering ...

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“…3; upper images), (6) still image of the neck (still picture related to swallowing)‫ם‬control sound (NVCS) ( Fig. 3; lower images), (7) swallowing sound alone (SS) ( Fig. 4; upper images), and (8) control sound alone (CS) ( Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to studies in monkey, similar studies have been conducted in cat, rabbit, and rat 12) . These responses to stimulation of the cerebral cortex induce rhythmic coordination of the lower jaw and tongue that is similar to the overall chewing motion of animals; therefore, this brain region has been named the cortical masticatory area 7) . Takasoh et al 25) confirmed in humans that the cerebral cortex is involved in voluntary jaw motion (human voluntary bilateral-symmetric mouth-opening and closing movements) by using a motor readiness potential that reflects the cerebral programming process prior to voluntary motion.…”

Section: ) Primary Motor Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual and Auditory Stimuli Associated with Swallowing: An fMRI Study

Kawai

Watanabe

Tonogi

et al. 2009

Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll.

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We focused on brain areas activated by audiovisual stimuli related to swallowing motions. In this study, three kinds of stimuli related to human swallowing movement (auditory stimuli alone, visual stimuli alone, or audiovisual stimuli) were presented to the subjects, and activated brain areas were measured using fMRI and analyzed. When auditory stimuli alone were presented, the supplementary motor area was activated. When visual stimuli alone were presented, the premotor and primary motor areas of the left and right hemispheres and prefrontal area of the left hemisphere were activated. When audiovisual stimuli were presented, the prefrontal and premotor areas of the left and right hemispheres were activated. Activation of Broca's area, which would have been characteristic of mirror neuron system activation on presentation of motion images, was not observed; however, activation of brain areas related to swallowing motion programming and performance was verified for auditory, visual and audiovisual stimuli related to swallowing motion. These results suggest that audiovisual stimuli related to swallowing motion could be applied to the treatment of patients with dysphagia.

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Alterations in the pattern of mastication after ablations of the lateral precentral cortex in rhesus macaques

Cited by 67 publications

References 22 publications

Functional circuitry involved in the regulation of whisker movements

Functional circuitry involved in the regulation of whisker movements

Overdrinking, swallowing inhibition, and regional brain responses prior to swallowing

Visual and Auditory Stimuli Associated with Swallowing: An fMRI Study

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