Alterations of Oxidative Stress Indicators, Antioxidant Enzymes, Soluble Sugars, and Amino Acids in Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss.] in Response to Varying Sowing Time, and Field Temperature

Abstract

The impact of elevated temperature at the reproductive stage of a crop is one of the critical limitations that influence crop growth and productivity globally. This study was aimed to reveal how sowing time and changing field temperature influence on the regulation of oxidative stress indicators, antioxidant enzymes activity, soluble sugars (SS), and amino acids (AA) in Indian Mustard. The current study was carried out during the rabi 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 where, five varieties of mustard viz. Pusa Mustard 25 (PM-25) (V1), PM-26 (V2), BPR-541-4 (V3), RH-406 (V4), and Urvashi (V5) were grown under the field conditions on October 30 (normal sowing; S1), November 18 (late sowing; S2) and November 30 (very late sowing; S3) situations. The S1 and S3 plants, at mid-flowering stage, showed a significant variation in accumulation of SS (8.5 and 17.3%), free AA (235.4 and 224.6%), and proline content (118.1 and 133%), respectively, and played a crucial role in the osmotic adjustment under stress. The results showed that S3 sowing, exhibited a significant induction of the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (110.2 and 86.6%) and malondialdehyde (23.5 and 47.5%) concentrations, respectively, which indicated the sign of oxidative stress in plants. Interestingly, the polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase enzyme activities were also significantly increased in S3 plants compared to S1 plants, indicating their significant roles in ameliorating the oxidative stress. Furthermore, the concentration of fatty acid levels such as palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids level also significantly increased in S3 plants, which influenced the seed and oil quality. The study suggests that the late sowing significantly impaired the biochemical mechanisms in Indian mustard. Further, the mustard variety V4 (RH-406) was found to be effective for cultivation as well as environmental stress adoption in Indian soils, and it could be highly useful in breeding for developing heat-tolerant genotypes for ensuring the food security.

Regulation of Na+/H+ exchangers, Na+/K+ transporters, and lignin biosynthesis genes, along with lignin accumulation, sodium extrusion, and antioxidant defense, confers salt tolerance in alfalfa

“…Salt stress induces osmotic imbalance and Na + toxicity–mediated oxidative stress, which negatively affects plant physiochemical responses, photosystem II (PSII), and chlorophyll a fluorescence ( Khan et al., 2022 ; Khatri and Rathore, 2022 ). Protecting from the adverse effects and managing the osmotic stress, a plant accumulates several compatible solutes (proline, soluble sugar, and glycine betaine) known as osmoprotectants ( Ghosh et al., 2021 ; Chauhan et al., 2022 ). In addition, antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR), protect plants from cellular injury and lipid peroxidation through scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under salt stress conditions ( Carrasco-Ríos and Pinto, 2014 ).…”

Foliar application of putrescine alleviates terminal drought stress by modulating water status, membrane stability, and yield- related traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

“…It directly contributes to food security as it is considered the second-most significant staple food crop in the world (Zaheer et al, 2021). However, global plant production is at risk due to environmental changes, a decline in water levels, and irregular rain patterns, which severely influence crop growth stages (Nielsen et al, 2010;Rahman et al, 2018;Schmidt et al, 2020;Ahmed et al, 2022;Chauhan et al, 2022). For instance, the flowering and grain-filling stages of wheat are highly critical for yield protection, whereas the onset of terminal drought stress during these phases may cause a reduction in the number of kernels/ears and kernel weight and may be responsible for huge yield loss (Liu et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2016;Ebeed et al, 2017;Dong et al, 2017;Habib-ur-Rahman et al, 2022).…”

Lipid Peroxidation, Proline Content and Soluble Sugars as indicators of Oxidative Stress Tolerance in Some Advanced Durum Wheat Lines (Triticum durum Desf.).

“…Our findings are in agreement with Fernández-Escalada et al (2019), who showed that soluble sugars increased in Palmer amaranth treated with glyphosate. Soluble sugar aids in maintaining the cellular redox homeostasis, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and protect photosynthesis systems (Chauhan et al, 2022). ROS accumulation is directly correlated with sugar accumulation to adapt to the ill effects of oxidative stress.…”

“…Furthermore, proline may protect cells by increasing water uptake potential and facilitating the activation of enzymes Hosseinifard et al, 2022). Similar, to proline, soluble sugars serve as an osmoprotectant, aid in maintaining cell homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species detoxification, and act as a signaling molecule under stressful conditions (Chauhan et al, 2022). Furthermore, sugars play an active role in the regulation of photosynthesis, osmotic homeostasis, and membrane stabilization.…”