Altered Brain Dynamics and Their Ability for Major Depression Detection Using EEG Microstates Analysis

A thresholding method based on society modularity and role division for functional connectivity analysis

“…In addition, disruptions in network organization have been associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders. For people with MDD, several studies have observed a significant restructuring of the MDD community structure [13,[15][16][17]. In our work, MDD patients showed increased modularity compared with HC groups, with results indicating that patients had relatively fewer inter-module edges and more intra-module edges in their brain networks.…”

“…For example, most cognitive functions are associated with the high clustering of functionally specialized brain regions [11,12], such as the default mode network (DMN), involved in internally directed attention and the central executive network (CEN), involved in topdown regulation of thought, attention, and emotion. Moreover, Li et al [13] reported the consistent contribution of several regions (e.g. inferior frontal gyrus and middle occipital gyrus) to the time course of electroencephalography (EEG) microstates, reflecting that they may be involve in cognitive processes across multiple functional domains.…”

“…Many neurological and psychiatric disorders exhibit abnormal connectivity and network phenotypes [13,[15][16][17]. Understanding intricate topological patterns of patients and the ways these lead to normal and disordered brain functions is a compelling area of research [18].…”

Degradation of EEG microstates patterns in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment: Early biomarkers along the Alzheimer’s Disease continuum?

“…Several schizophrenia studies report an increase in the occurrence of microstate C compared to controls ( Kikuchi et al, 2011 , Nishida et al, 2013 ). In depression, studies have often reported variation of the microstate D temporal patterns ( Li et al, 2021 , Murphy et al, 2020 ). At the same time, the microstate C duration is reduced compared to controls also in other forms of dementia, such as frontotemporal dementia ( Nishida et al, 2013 ).…”

Spatiotemporal Precision of Neuroimaging in Psychiatry

“…For example, disordered belief formation in schizophrenia has been ascribed to aberrant activity in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus related to reduced synaptic gain, causing an imprecise coding of prior beliefs which, in turn, influences neural responses to surprising stimuli as early as 50 ms post-stimulus onset (11). Similarly, depression has been thought of as a "disconnection" syndrome, where connectivity between anatomically-discrete brain regions is reduced (20,21) but where the rapid, dynamic evolution of this connectivity (i.e., sub-second transient changes in distinct spatial neuronal populations) differ between clinical subtypes (22,23), providing a potential biomarker for the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (24). Thus, despite apparent progress using conventional approaches it is nevertheless the case that fundamental research questions related to neural dynamics likely require a level of spatiotemporal precision that has historically been extremely difficult to realise (25).…”