Altered Electrolyte and Taurine Levels in Milk from Nursing Hypertensive Rats.

Nicolantonio, R. Di; Ikeda, Katsumi; Yamori, Yukio

doi:10.1291/hypres.16.179

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The consensus appears that the full expression of the hypertension in the SHR requires both a maternally transmitted ‘hypertensinogen’ and an inherent susceptibility in the pup to its effects 15,38 . The nature of this maternally transmitted factor is thought to be either a milk‐derived humoral factor 21–23,39 and/or some behavioural characteristic of the SHR mother 24,40,41 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[16][17][18][19]37 The consensus appears that the full expression of the hypertension in the SHR requires both a maternally transmitted 'hypertensinogen' and an inherent susceptibility in the pup to its effects. 15,38 The nature of this maternally transmitted factor is thought to be either a milk-derived humoral factor [21][22][23]39 and/or some behavioural characteristic of the SHR mother. 24,40,41 Although cross-suckling studies have been used to clearly define a role for the postnatal environment in the hypertension in the SHR, 15 -18,20,24,37,38,42 -44 the role of the in utero prenatal period in the 'programming' of the hypertension per se has hitherto not been explored.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16,17 This finding has now been confirmed in a number of subsequent studies. [18][19][20] Whereas a number of studies showing abnormalities in SHR milk composition [21][22][23] and maternal behaviour 24 have suggested that these maternal factors mediate this postnatal 'hypertensive' effect, others have questioned the validity of these findings. 18 Interestingly, the failure of postnatal suckling on an SHR dam to induce hypertension in genetically normotensive strains 16,17 suggests that a susceptibility in the SHR pup is also required for this maternal factor(s) to exert its effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relative Contribution of the Prenatal Versus Postnatal Period on Development of Hypertension and Growth Rate of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Nicolantonio

Koutsis

Westcott

et al. 2006

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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1. To determine the relative roles of the prenatal and postnatal (preweaning) environment on the development of blood pressure and growth rate in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) of the Okamoto strain, we used combined embryo transfer and cross-fostering techniques between SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats to produce offspring whose development was examined during the first 20 weeks of life. 2. We measured litter sizes, bodyweights and tail-cuff blood pressures in offspring at 4, 8, 12 and 20 weeks of age. We also recorded heart, kidney and adrenal weights at 20 weeks of age, when the study concluded. 3. We found that both the in utero and postnatal environments provided by the SHR mother could significantly affect WKY rat offspring growth rates, but blood pressure was unaffected in this strain. In SHR offspring, the SHR maternal in utero and suckling period both contributed to the rate of blood pressure development in the SHR, but not the final blood pressure of offspring at 20 weeks of age. This effect was greater for male than female offspring. Organ weights were largely unaffected by the perinatal environment in either strain. 4. We conclude that although the SHR maternal in utero and immediate postnatal environment both contribute to the rate of blood pressure development in the SHR, they do not appear to contribute to the final blood pressure of offspring at maturity. The SHR maternal environment also alters growth rate that may, in turn, underlie these effects on SHR blood pressure development, particularly in males.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relative Contribution of the Prenatal Versus Postnatal Period on Development of Hypertension and Growth Rate of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Nicolantonio

Koutsis

Westcott

et al. 2006

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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“…Blood pressures of SHR are permanently lowered if they are suckled by dams of normotensive strains for 2 weeks after birth. Milk of SHR differs from milk of other strains in protein and electrolyte concentrations (Di Nicolantonio, 1993; McCarty & Lee, 1994; McCarty & Fields‐Okotcha, 1996). Other studies have shown that the intrauterine environment of the SHR is different, as the amniotic fluid has high osmolarity and sodium concentrations (Erkadius et al 1994).…”

Section: Cardiovascular Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrauterine nutrition: its importance during critical periods for cardiovascular and endocrine development

Hanson

1999

The Journal of Physiology

221

153

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The developing mammal needs to establish a degree of autonomy during fetal life in order to achieve independent survival after birth. It therefore develops homeostatic mechanisms necessary to guarantee its existence. But it passes through critical periods when it may be influenced by aspects of the intrauterine environment dependent on maternal nutrition and metabolism. These have been clearly demonstrated for implantation, organogenesis and parturition, all of which are influenced by maternal health, including nutritional intake. But apart from the striking effects on survival (e.g. in relation to implantation) or overt anatomical structure (organogenesis), recent evidence reveals that disturbances during critical periods can also affect homeostatic mechanisms. The effects may be subtle during development, but can nonetheless have long-lasting deleterious effects on health in adult life. This review concentrates primarily on how nutritional intake during pregnancy affects cardiovascular (especially arterial blood pressure) and blood glucose homeostasis in the offspring. These two areas are increasingly studied in humans (Rich-Edwards et al. 1997;Barker, 1998) and, whilst superficially distinct, they share some common aetiological features. To date, most of the studies in humans have been epidemiological so that, whilst they identify phenomena, they do not give insight into mechanisms. Awareness of this has recently shifted emphasis to prospective studies of smaller groups of people and to animal studies, the latter providing the more direct approach to understanding the processes involved. We concentrate on these animal studies in this brief review. In some of them an isocaloric low protein diet has been used to explore the mechanisms by which protein metabolism affects developing organs. Other studies have used varying degrees of global reduction in nutrition. It is noteworthy that in some of these studies effects on homeostatic development were produced even in the absence of body growth restriction. It is therefore possible to envisage a spectrum of health problems in adult life deriving from the influence of the intrauterine Experimental investigations in animals have highlighted the role of early reduced calorie and protein nutrition on fetal cardiovascular development, and the occurrence of a transition from a low fetal arterial blood pressure in late gestation to a high arterial blood pressure postnatally. These observations may explain the correlation between health, including appropriate nutrition, in pregnant women and the outcome of their pregnancies. Emphasis has been placed on low birth weight infants who have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, coronary heart disease and stroke in adulthood. Vascular pathology in adults is not always associated with low birth weight and animal experiments indicate that substantial changes in cardiovascular and endocrine function can result from maternal or fetal undernutrition without impairing fetal growth. Experimenta...

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Ontogenetic Aspects of Hypertension Development: Analysis in the Rat

Zicha

Kuneš

1999

Physiological Reviews

207

163

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In this review, we attempt to outline the age-dependent interactions of principal systems controlling the structure and function of the cardiovascular system in immature rats developing hypertension. We focus our attention on the cardiovascular effects of various pharmacological, nutritional, and behavioral interventions applied at different stages of ontogeny. Several distinct critical periods (developmental windows), in which particular stimuli affect the further development of the cardiovascular phenotype, are specified in the rat. It is evident that short-term transient treatment of genetically hypertensive rats with certain antihypertensive drugs in prepuberty and puberty (at the age of 4-10 wk) has long-term beneficial effects on further development of their cardiovascular apparatus. This juvenile critical period coincides with the period of high susceptibility to the hypertensive effects of increased salt intake. If the hypertensive process develops after this critical period (due to early antihypertensive treatment or late administration of certain hypertensive stimuli, e.g., high salt intake), blood pressure elevation, cardiovascular hypertrophy, connective tissue accumulation, and end-organ damage are considerably attenuated compared with rats developing hypertension during the juvenile critical period. As far as the role of various electrolytes in blood pressure modulation is concerned, prohypertensive effects of dietary Na+ and antihypertensive effects of dietary Ca2+ are enhanced in immature animals, whereas vascular protective and antihypertensive effects of dietary K+ are almost independent of age. At a given level of dietary electrolyte intake, the balance between dietary carbohydrate and fat intake can modify blood pressure even in rats with established hypertension, but dietary protein intake affects the blood pressure development in immature animals only. Dietary protein restriction during gestation, as well as altered mother-offspring interactions in the suckling period, might have important long-term hypertensive consequences. The critical periods (developmental windows) should be respected in the future pharmacological or gene therapy of human hypertension.

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Altered Electrolyte and Taurine Levels in Milk from Nursing Hypertensive Rats.

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Relative Contribution of the Prenatal Versus Postnatal Period on Development of Hypertension and Growth Rate of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Relative Contribution of the Prenatal Versus Postnatal Period on Development of Hypertension and Growth Rate of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Intrauterine nutrition: its importance during critical periods for cardiovascular and endocrine development

Ontogenetic Aspects of Hypertension Development: Analysis in the Rat

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