Altered Humoral Immunoregulation During Human Pregnancy

Bisset, Leslie R.; Fiddes, T. M.; Wr, Gillett; Wilson, Peter D.; Griffin, J.F.T.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1990.tb00660.x

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…HIV-positive pregnant women who have not received anti-retroviral treatment have been reported to transfer lower levels of pathogen-specific antibodies compared to HIV-negative women [7, 9, 18–20] . Although one study demonstrated a decline in IgG levels among HIV infected Caucasian women over the course of the pregnancy [21] , we found no such study from African women, and results from hemo-dilution studies of HIV-uninfected pregnant women are inconsistent depending on race, pre-pregnancy body size, parity, infant birthweight [22] , with some finding a decline while others report an increase or no change [23, 24] . We observed a decline in maternal antibody levels in the course of pregnancy, with similar levels for women in the two groups at delivery, but differences in the cord blood levels that indicate a (maternal) treatment benefit for the infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Higher Transplacental Pathogen-Specific Antibody Transfer Among Pregnant Women Randomized to Triple Antiretroviral Treatment Versus Short Course Zidovudine

Bosire¹,

Farquhar²,

Nduati

et al. 2018

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Higher Transplacental Pathogen-Specific Antibody Transfer Among Pregnant Women Randomized to Triple Antiretroviral Treatment Versus Short Course Zidovudine

Bosire¹,

Farquhar²,

Nduati

et al. 2018

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

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“…There is a special reason why pregnant women may benefit from avoiding meat products: their immune system is suppressed (Formby 1995;Gennaro and Fehder 1996;Matthiesen et al 1996). Although a woman's humoral immune response is unaltered or possibly strengthened during gestation, her cell-mediated immune response is weakened (Bisset et al 1990;Formby 1995;Sabahi et al 1995;Blumberg and Heal 1996;Lim et al 1996). Numerous investigators have reported that the activities of natural killer cells are depressed during pregnancy (e.g., Barrett et al 1982;Gonik et al 1987;Salm6ron et al 1991;Haig 1993;Beer et al 1996;Gennaro and Fehder 1996;Matthiesen et al 1996; but see Hidaka et al 1991;Opsahl et al 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morning Sickness: A Mechanism for Protecting Mother and Embryo

Flaxman¹,

Sherman²

2000

The Quarterly Review of Biology

283

185

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Approximately two-thirds of women experience nausea or vomiting during the first trimester of pregnancy. These symptoms are commonly known as morning sickness. Hook (1976) and Profet (1988) hypothesized that morning sickness protects the embryo by causing pregnant women to physically expel and subsequently avoid foods that contain teratogenic and abortifacient chemicals, especially toxic chemicals in strong-tasting vegetables, caffeinated beverages and alcohol. We examined this hypothesis by comprehensively reviewing the relevant medical, psychological and anthropological literature. In its support, (i) symptoms peak when embryonic organogenesis is most susceptible to chemical disruption (weeks 6-18), (ii) women who experience morning sickness are significantly less likely to miscarry than women who do not (9 of 9 studies), (iii) women who vomit suffer fewer miscarriages than those who experience nausea alone, and (iv) many pregnant women have aversions to alcoholic and nonalcoholic (mostly caffeinated) beverages and strong-tasting vegetables, especially during the first trimester. Surprisingly, however, the greatest aversions are to meats, fish, poultry, and eggs. A cross-cultural analysis using the Human Relations Area Files revealed 20 traditional societies in which morning sickness has been observed and seven in which it has never been observed. The latter were significantly less likely to have animal products as dietary staples and significantly more likely to have only plants (primarily corn) as staples than the 20 societies in which morning sickness occurred. Animal products may be dangerous to pregnant women and their embryos because they often contain parasites and pathogens, especially when stored at room temperatures in warm climates. Avoiding foodborne microorganisms is particularly important to pregnant women because they are immunosuppressed, presumably to reduce the chances of rejecting tissues of their own offspring (Haig 1993). As a result, pregnant women are more vulnerable to serious, often deadly infections. We hypothesize that morning sickness causes women to avoid foods that might be dangerous to themselves or their embryos, especially foods that, prior to widespread refrigeration, were likely to be heavily laden with microorganisms and their toxins. The alternative hypotheses that morning sickness is (i) an epiphenomenon of mother-offspring genetic conflict or hormones associated with viable pregnancies, or (ii) an indicator to potential sexual partners and kin that the woman is pregnant, resulting in reduced sexual behavior and increased nepotistic aid, were not well supported. Available data are most consistent with the hypothesis that morning sickness serves an adaptive, prophylactic function.

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“…The majority of infections in adults are associated with pregnancy [3]. Although alterations in cellmediated and humoral immunity have been described as a possible pathogenetic mechanism for HSV-induced liver damage in pregnancy [4,5], the rarity of HSV hepatitis in comparison with the high prevalence of HSV infections among healthy women suggests that some underlying liver lesions might be present in addition to deranged immunity. Fewer than 30 cases of HSV hepatitis in previously healthy pregnant women have been described to date [3,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy - An Underlying Condition for Herpes Simplex Type 2 Fulminant Hepatitis Necessitating Liver Transplantation

Luzar¹,

Ferlan-Marolt²,

Poljak³

et al. 2005

Z Gastroenterol

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The infrequent occurrence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) hepatitis in healthy women in comparison with the high prevalence of HSV infections suggests that, in addition to deranged immunity, an underlying condition in the liver might be necessary to develop HSV hepatitis. We report the case of a 28-year-old pregnant woman in the 28 (th) week of gestation. Following HSV type 2 infection of the uterine cervix, acute liver failure developed, necessitating urgent liver transplantation. In addition to fulminant HSV type 2 hepatitis, the explanted liver also showed the histological features of acute fatty liver of pregnancy. The presented case suggests a possible pathogenetic role of acute fatty liver of pregnancy in the development of fulminant HSV hepatitis following recurrent infection with HSV in healthy pregnant women. We believe that early histopathological diagnosis, followed by specific antiviral treatment and liver transplantation in selected patients may improve the clinical outcome of otherwise almost uniformly fatal HSV hepatitis.

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Altered Humoral Immunoregulation During Human Pregnancy

Cited by 12 publications

References 39 publications

Higher Transplacental Pathogen-Specific Antibody Transfer Among Pregnant Women Randomized to Triple Antiretroviral Treatment Versus Short Course Zidovudine

Higher Transplacental Pathogen-Specific Antibody Transfer Among Pregnant Women Randomized to Triple Antiretroviral Treatment Versus Short Course Zidovudine

Morning Sickness: A Mechanism for Protecting Mother and Embryo

Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy - An Underlying Condition for Herpes Simplex Type 2 Fulminant Hepatitis Necessitating Liver Transplantation

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