Altered markers of brain metabolism and excitability are associated with executive functioning in young children exposed to alcohol in utero

Abstract

The teratogenic effects of alcohol on brain development can lead to long-term cognitive and behavioral difficulties (Mattson et al. 2019;Subramoney et al. 2018). Children with PAE may be diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), which is characterized by physical and neurodevelopmental impairments, though diagnostic criteria vary (Cook et al. 2016;Popova et al. 2023). Children