Altered sensitivity to reward in children with ADHD: Dopamine timing is off

Wickens, Jeffery R.; Tripp, E. Gail

doi:10.1017/s0140525x05410079

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The present findings clearly show, however, that motivational incentives were effective in enhancing electrophysiological markers of inhibitory control in ADHD, although the effects were not differentially greater than in control subjects. This suggests first that, in support of previous studies, the ADHD children were neither hypersensitive nor hyposensitive to these immediate, consistent incentives ( 12 ) and second that, to achieve the same level as control children in both the baseline and motivated conditions, children with ADHD may require incentives that differ quantitatively or qualitatively from those that produce effects in typically developing children. It will therefore be important in future research to investigate other factors that influence the effectiveness of incentives on inhibitory control in ADHD, such as reward magnitude, reinforcement history, and reinforcement scheduling ( 11,12 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Children with ADHD also show atypical regulation of motivational state: they respond to rewards when they are delivered immediately and with regularity but are less sensitive to rewards that are delayed or intermittent ( 11,12 ). It has been suggested that deficits in higher cognitive functions in ADHD, including response inhibition, conflict processing, and attention, are a consequence of impairments in the self-regulation of arousal and motivational state ( 13,14 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Motivation and Medication on Electrophysiological Markers of Response Inhibition in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Groom

Scerif

Liddle

et al. 2010

Biological Psychiatry

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BackgroundTheories of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) posit either executive deficits and/or alterations in motivational style and reward processing as core to the disorder. Effects of motivational incentives on electrophysiological correlates of inhibitory control and relationships between motivation and stimulant medication have not been explicitly tested.MethodsChildren (9–15 years) with combined-type ADHD (n = 28) and matched typically developing children (CTRL) (n = 28) performed a go/no-go task. Electroencephalogram data were recorded. Amplitude of two event-related potentials, the N2 and P3 (markers of response conflict and attention), were measured. The ADHD children were all stimulant responders tested on and off their usual dose of methylphenidate; CTRLs were never medicated. All children performed the task under three motivational conditions: reward; response cost; and baseline, in which points awarded/deducted for inhibitory performance varied.ResultsThere were effects of diagnosis (CTRL > ADHD unmedicated), medication (on > off), and motivation (reward and/or response cost > baseline) on N2 and P3 amplitude, although the N2 diagnosis effect did not reach statistical significance (p = .1). Interactions between motivation and diagnosis/medication were nonsignificant (p > .1).ConclusionsMotivational incentives increased amplitudes of electrophysiological correlates of response conflict and attention in children with ADHD, towards the baseline (low motivation) amplitudes of control subjects. These results suggest that, on these measures, motivational incentives have similar effects in children with ADHD as typically developing CTRLs and have additive effects with stimulant medication, enhancing stimulus salience and allocation of attentional resources during response inhibition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Motivation and Medication on Electrophysiological Markers of Response Inhibition in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Groom

Scerif

Liddle

et al. 2010

Biological Psychiatry

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“…Also, ADHD is a risk factor for heavy alcohol use and initiation of illicit drug use in young adults (Vogel et al, 2016). Some studies have suggested that this increased risk can be explained by shared genetics (Capusan, Bendtsen, Marteinsdottir, Kuja-Halkola, & Larsson, 2015; Edwards & Kendler, 2012), while psychological factors may also contribute to enhance the risk for substance use: (emotional) impulsivity (De Alwis, Lynskey, Reiersen, & Agrawal, 2014; Pedersen et al, 2016; Roberts, Peters, Adams, Lynam, & Milich, 2014) and aversion to delay gratification (Wickens & Tripp, 2005) as well as neuroticism and anxiety (Davis, Cohen, Davids, & Rabindranath, 2015) may mediate between ADHD symptoms and early inclination toward substance use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence Estimates of ADHD in a Sample of Inpatients With Alcohol Dependence

Luderer

Sick²,

Kaplan-Wickel³

et al. 2018

J Atten Disord

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“…Other research has indicated that the positive relationship between nicotine and marijuana use and ADHD-symptom dimensions may also be mediated by aspects of impulsivity ( 28 ). In addition, related investigations have found that an aversion to delayed gratification and an abnormal sensitivity to individual instances of reward are mediating links between symptoms of ADHD and addictive behaviors ( 29 ). These authors have suggested that a high reward drive might imply that “dopamine timing is off” in those with ADHD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Relation to Addictive Behaviors: A Moderated-Mediation Analysis of Personality-Risk Factors and Sex

et al. 2015

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IntroductionResearch has shown that those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have an increased risk for addiction disorders like alcoholism and substance abuse. What is less clear is the mechanism(s) whereby ADHD gives rise to increased engagement in addictive behaviors, and whether there are sex differences in the ADHD-addiction propensity. Both ADHD and addictions have also been associated with personality traits such as impulsivity, reward seeking, anxiousness, and negative affect. In this study, we tested a moderator-mediation model, which predicted that both sex and ADHD-symptom status would make independent contributions to the variance in personality risk and in addictive behaviors, with males, and those with diagnosed ADHD, scoring higher on both dependent variables. Our model also predicted that the effect of sex and ADHD-symptom status on addictive behaviors would be via the mediating or intervening influence of personality-risk factors.MethodsA community-based sample of young men and women took part in the study. Among these individuals, 46 had received a lifetime diagnosis of ADHD. The non-diagnosed participants were dichotomized into a high-ADHD-symptom group (n = 83) and a low-symptom group (n = 84).ResultsWe found that a high-risk personality profile may, in part, account for the relationship between ADHD symptomatology and the use/abuse of a broad range of addictive behaviors. However, we found no sex differences in personality risk for addiction or in the use of addictive behaviors; nor did sex moderate the relationships we assessed.ConclusionWhile ADHD status showed a strong relationship with both dependent variables in the model, we found no difference between those who had been diagnosed with ADHD and treated with stimulants, and their high-symptom non-diagnosed/non-treated counterparts. These results add support to claims that the treatment of ADHD with stimulant medication neither protects nor fosters the risk for substance abuse disorders.

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Altered sensitivity to reward in children with ADHD: Dopamine timing is off

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Motivation and Medication on Electrophysiological Markers of Response Inhibition in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Effects of Motivation and Medication on Electrophysiological Markers of Response Inhibition in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Prevalence Estimates of ADHD in a Sample of Inpatients With Alcohol Dependence

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Relation to Addictive Behaviors: A Moderated-Mediation Analysis of Personality-Risk Factors and Sex

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