Altered States of Consciousness Occurring During Expanded Sexual Response In The Human Female: Preliminary Definitions

Psychoactive plants which contain hallucinogenic molecules that induce a form of altered states of consciousness (H-ASC) have been widely used during the religious rituals of many cultures throughout the centuries, while the consumption of these plants for spiritual and religious purposes is as old as human history. Some of those cultures were shaman and pagan subcultures; African native religions; Bwiti Cult; South American native religions; Amazon Cultures; Central American Cultures; Mexican subcultures; Aztec, Maya and Inca; Wiccan and witch subcultures; Satanists; American Indians; Greek and Hellenistic cultures; Sufis; Hassan Sabbah's Hashissins; Hindu, Indian and Tibetan cultures; some of the Nordic subcultures etc. Some of the psychoactive ingredients of the plants that were used during these religious rituals were; narcotic analgesics (opium), THC (cannabis), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), mescaline (peyote), ibogaine (Tabernanthe iboga), DMT (Ayahuasca and phalaris species), Peganum harmala, bufotenin, muscimol (Amanita muscaria), thujone (absinthe, Arthemisia absinthium), ephedra, mandragora, star lotus, Salvia divinorum etc. The main purposes of the practice of these plants were: spiritual healing; to contact with spirits; to contact with the souls of ancestors; to reach enlightenment (Nirvana or Satori); to become a master shaman, pagan or witch; to reach so-called-other realities, etc. Such "psychedelic-philosophical plant rituals" changed participating persons' psychology, philosophy and personality to a great degree. In these two successive articles, the consumption of psychedelic plants during religious rituals is reviewed and it is hypothesized that the images, figures, illusions and hallucinations experienced during these "plant trips" had a great impact on the formation and creation of many figures, characters, creatures, archetype images that exist not only in the mythology, but also in many religions, as well, such as angels, demons, Satan, mythological creatures, gods, goddesses etc. In the Middle East and Anatolia, within many hermetic and pagan religions, Greek and Hellenic cultures psychoactive plant use was a serious part of the religious rituals, such as Dionysian rituals or Witch's' Sabbaths. Although the impact of the "psychedelic experience and imagination" was enormous to the configuration of many religious and mythological characters, and archetypes, this fact has been underestimated and even unnoticed by many historians and anthropologists, because of the quasi-ethical trends of "anti-drug-brain-washed Western Societies".

Section: Bacchaementioning

confidence: 99%

The Consumption of Psychoactive Plants in Ancient Global and Anatolian Cultures During Religious Rituals: The Roots of the Eruption of Mythological Figures and Common Symbols in Religions and Myths

Sayin

2014

“…Prolonged meditation, sensory deprivation, hypnosis can induce similar consciousness states without the intake of any chemicals (Austin, 1999;Tart, 1990;Lilly, 1972). In some women, expanded sexual response (ESR) and expanded orgasms (EO) may mimic the acute effects of some hallucinogens for a very short period of time (Sayin, 2011;Taylor, 2000;. For centuries, mystical experiences through yoga, Zen meditation, prayers have been cited to induce a kind of ASC (Muramuto, 2004;Wain 2007;Austin, 1999;Tart, 1990).…”

Section: Question 1: How Can We Explain Tens Of Different Perception mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been proposed that altered states of consciousness can be attained through various methods, such as Zen meditation (Austin, 1999), expanded sexual response (ESR) (Sayin, 2011;Taylor, 2000;, hypnosis (Ross, 2006;Tart, 1990;Ludwig, 1965 ), metabolic changes (Hobson, 1994;Tart, 1990;), sensory deprivation (Lilly, 1972;Tart, 1990), hallucinogenic drugs (Brunton, 2010;Hardman, 2001;Shulgin, 1991;Tart, 1990;Grof, 1985;Goodman, 1980;Stafford, 1978;Brimblecombe, 1973), central nervous system (CNS) stimulants (Rothman, 2001;Hobson, 1994;Tart, 1990;Nielsen, 1988 ), physiological sleep (Hobson, 1988;Tart, 1990), anesthetic drugs (PCP, Ketamine) (Tart, 1990;Stafford, 1978), etc. Although involvement of many receptor and neurotransmitter systems have been proposed in the mechanism of action of H-ASC inducing drugs, there has been no consensus on the basic mechanisms of some particular effects of some hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, ibogaine, THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), PCP (phencyclidine), MDMA, methamphetamine, mescaline, psilocybin, DMT and many others.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Review of the Neuro-Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogen-Induced Altered States of Consciousness: The Uniqueness of Some Hallucinogens

Sayın¹

2012

Self Cite

Altered states of consciousness induced by hallucinogens (H-ASC) is still a vaguely understood phenomenon. Taken the diverse psychological effects they exert, the main mechanism of action of hallucinogens; LSD, ibogaine, THC, PCP, MDMA, methamphetamine, mescaline, psilocybin and DMT, of which psychological effects are discussed in the article, are not properly understood and explained by the modern methods of neuroscience due to the lack of vigorous research. The involvement of some receptors, such as, 5-HT 2 (and probably other 5-HT receptors), glutamate and dopamine receptors, adrenergic and cannabinoid receptors, is one of the mechanisms, however it is not easy to explain such incongruent psychological effects by only receptor and neurotransmitter systems alone, since H-ASCs have, sometimes, their own unity and gestalt, unfolding the subconscious, in the "voyages" they induce, although the perception may, or may not, be distorted depending on the person, and "set and setting". They induce visual, tactile and auditory hallucinations; synesthesia; perception of fractals, geometrical and kaleidoscopic images with vivid colors; perception of two dimensional pictures as three dimensional, animated and moving; distortions and alterations in the body perception; alterations in the perceptions of temporal-spatial continuum and time; changes in the perception of the ego and the self; feelings of unification with nature and universe, peak experiencesmimicking satori or nirvana-, ecstasy, rapture, extreme euphoria, excitement and happiness, oceanic bliss, self-fulfillment, referred as "good trip", as well as, dysphoria, anxiety, mania, delirium, psychosis, acute schizophrenia, collapse of the self, known as "bad trip"; depending upon the mood, affection and psychology of the person, and "set and setting". Mysticomimetic effects of H-ASCs, imitate the consciousness states of ancient mystics, probably, by means of activating prefrontal cortex, limbic system and the right temporal lobe. A hypothetical "holographic brain theory" may give some extra insights about the explanation of some of the effects of H-ASCs. It should be taken into account that H-ASCs, can be accepted as a good tool to investigate the nature of consciousness, brain and the human psyche, as well as some of the H-ASCs are good models of psychosis, too. More detailed scientific research should be performed to understand the basic and real mechanisms of H-ASCs, to comprehend and unravel the mystery of human mind and consciousness, since scientific medical research on hallucinogens has been legalized since 1992.

“…Recently, other intra-vaginal erogenous zones have been proposed to be discovered that may take part in the mechanisms of female orgasms (Morris, 2004;Sayin 2012 a-b-c). Also Komisaruk et al and Sayin et al (Komisaruk, 2006;Sayin, 2010Sayin, , 2011Sayin, a-b-c, 2012 have reported that female orgasm can be triggered by means of the stimulation of other erogenous zones via different neural pathways, while "the brain" and the psychology of the woman played the major role. According to the novel accumulating data, glans clitoris was responsible of the 'clitoral orgasms' via a reflex pathway originating from pudental nerve and sacral plexus, while other vaginal erogenous zones, coined as "deep vaginal erogenous zones" (DVZ) were responsible of 'vaginal orgasms', via other orgasm reflex pathways, such as pelvic nerve-sacral plexus, hypogastric nerve-pelvic plexus and vagus nerve-brain (Ladas, 1982;Komisaruk, 2003Komisaruk, , 2004Komisaruk, , 2005Komisaruk, , 2006Sayin, 2010Sayin, , 2011aSayin, -b-c, 2012aSayin, -b-c, 2013.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also the term of "blended orgasm" had been defined by Ladas et al (Ladas, 1983) and Sayin et al (Sayin, 1993, 2010, 2011c, 2012a. "Four nerve theory of female orgasmic response" was hypothesized to explain the mechanisms of single, multiple and extreme prolonged orgasms or ESR in the human female (Komisaruk, 2006;Sayin, 2011Sayin, a-b, 2013). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Doors of Female Orgasmic Consciousness: New Theories on the Peak Experience and Mechanisms of Female Orgasm and Expanded Sexual Response

Sayın¹

2012

Self Cite

Although there are many forms of female orgasms described in the literature, there are still debates about the female orgasmic response and no unified theory to explain those orgasmic reflexes and sexual responses have been proposed. Also, there are inconsistent reports and comments about the 'vaginal versus clitoral orgasm controversy'. Recently, a novel form of female orgasms has been coined as "Expanded Sexual Response" (ESR), and defined as: "being able to attain long lasting and/or prolonged and/or multiple and/or sustained orgasms and/or status orgasmus that lasted longer and more intense than the classical orgasm patterns defined in the literature". Expanded orgasms induce a different state of consciousness, or "orgasmic consciousness", whereas many forms of altered states of consciousness (ASC) can be observed. There are lots of reports, coming from the data accumulated during last decades on the female orgasm and orgasmic consciousness, which confirms the fact that "clitoral and vaginal orgasms are two separate entities", while their unification may induce a stronger and intense form of female orgasm, coined as "blended orgasm". As we have hypothesized in our other publications, at least six orgasmic reflex pathways may take part in the development of single or multiple clitoral, vaginal, blended orgasms, and expanded, enhanced, prolonged ESR orgasms. Pudental, pelvic, hypogastric and vagus nerves play major roles in the development of single or ESR orgasms, as well as at least two oxytocin pathways may contribute to it. In blended, ESR orgasms and/or status orgasmus, more than one 'orgasm reflex arch pathway' may trigger the orgasm at the same time, while other pathways play a supplementary role. We have investigated the ESR phenomenon using a specific ESR-Scale in a series of surveys among ESRwomen, compared to the control groups and defined the main characteristics of ESR phenomenon in the human female. ESR women seem to have higher libido, higher masturbation frequency, more erotic fantasies, stronger and more intense, prolonged orgasms or expanded orgasms (EO); while they experience multiple clitoral, vaginal and blended orgasms separately, as well as status orgasmus. Also ESR women are more aware of their bodies and their deep vaginal erogenous zones (DVZs), which comprises inner clitoris, G-Spot, A-Spot, O-Spot, PC-Muscles and Cervix. "Four nerve-six pathway theory of female orgasm" and oxytocinergic system may seem to explain ESR phenomenon.