Altered states of consciousness: With special reference to time and the self

Wittmann, Marc; Giersch, Anne; Berkovich‐Ohana, Aviva

doi:10.1002/pchj.284

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…MMGF elicits visual and auditory illusions, and it can induce stable—although in most people, comparably weak—altered states of consciousness (ASC; Schmidt & Prein, 2019, Wackermann, Pütz, & Allefeld, 2008). As induced through various methods, ASC can be defined as transient deviations from the subjectively experienced everyday wakeful state (Schmidt & Majić, 2016; Vaitl et al, 2005; Wittmann, 2018; Wittmann, Giersch, & Berkovich‐Ohana, 2019). Notably, unlike pathological alterations in neurology and psychiatry, ASC typically last over relatively short durations in the minutes‐to‐hours range (Vollenweider, Vollenweider‐Scherpenhuyzen, Bäbler, Vogel, & Hell, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…One feature of ASC during MMGF exposure is an altered experience of time. In general, regardless of the induction method, ASC can be characterized by changes in the sense of self and time (Berkovich‐Ohana & Wittmann, 2017; Wittmann, 2015, 2018; Wittmann et al, 2019). Subjective changes in the passage of time and its perceived duration have been studied with different induction methods such as hypnosis (Lush & Dienes, 2019), meditation (Droit‐Volet & Dambrun, 2019; Singh & Srinivasan, 2019), and pharmaceutical agents (Graham‐Schmidt, Martin‐Iverson, & Waters, 2019), including psychedelics (Wittmann et al, 2007).…”

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Red visual stimulation in theGanzfeldleads to a relative overestimation of duration compared to green

2020

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A Ganzfeld is a homogenized visual and auditory perceptual field which can induce altered states of consciousness (ASC; Metzger, 1929; Schmidt & Prein, 2019). Using a balanced intrasubject design, we compared participants' experience during two differently colored (red, green) 25‐min Ganzfeld sessions with brown noise as acoustic stimulation. Participants were exposed to the colored visual field through commercially available goggles and to brown noise over headphones. We selected 67 participants with some prior meditation experience to increase the probability that they would engage meaningfully with this specifically restricted stimulus situation. We tested the functional components of the standard cognitive model of time perception (Zakay & Block, 1997) in a path analysis for direct (red vs. green light) and indirect effects (arousal, attention) on subjective duration and perceived passage of time. Subjective arousal and valence states were measured using the Self‐Assessment Manikin (SAM). The amount of attention directed to time and the perceived passage of time were rated with standard visual analog scales (VAS). Participants also estimated the duration of each Ganzfeld exposure. The session with the red visual field lasted significantly longer than did the green session (μred = 23.1 min; μgreen = 19.8 min). After the green session, participants rated their arousal level to have significantly decreased; after the red session, individuals on average felt emotionally less positive. Multiple path analyses revealed that the effect of color on estimated duration is completely mediated through higher arousal levels during the red Ganzfeld session. In turn, the higher arousal level generates a longer subjective estimate of duration. For induction of relaxation in studies probing altered states of consciousness employing the Ganzfeld technique, we recommend using the green light.

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Red visual stimulation in theGanzfeldleads to a relative overestimation of duration compared to green

2020

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“…All of these produce a reversible and transient effect on the conscious state of the administrator which are psychological states patently different from ordinary states of consciousness involving significant changes in subjective experiences, like alteration in the perception of the external world and one's sensations, feelings, and thoughts, and a changed sense of space and time, the as well as disintegration of self-consciousness (i.e. ego dissolution), and hallucinations or the feeling of unity (Dittrich, 1998;Schmidt & Berkemeyer, 2018;Studerus, Gamma, & Vollenweider, 2010;Tagliazucchi et al, 2016;Wittmann, Giersch, & Berkovich-Ohana, 2019).…”

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The Psychological Effects of the Administration of Psychedelics on the Minds of Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review

Idrees,

Batool,

Ahsan

et al. 2024

Pak. J. Humanit. Soc. Sci

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The systematic review aims to integrate the findings of the past 3 years of literature on the phenomenological effects of classical psychedelics on healthy individuals. To ensure a strategic method to review the literature was adopted, guidelines given by Sumaya Laher & Tasneem Hassem were opted for (Laher & Hassem, 2020). For the search strategy, the Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, and Research (SPIDER) method was used to construe keywords for searching relevant literature in PubMed, and Google Scholar. Analysis of the final 4 papers was conducted using the thematic synthesis technique (Thomas & Harden, 2008) and a total of 3 main themes were discovered. The first main theme was “Modes of Communication” in which the participants sensed the presence of other entities. This theme is also further divided into three sub-themes called “Intuitive or Telepathic”, “Explicit or Verbal” and “Kinesthetic”. The second major theme is called the “Mystical-type Experiences” in which the participants experienced amazement and were left in complete awe of the world. This theme further divides into two sub-themes “Euphoria” and “Unpleasant Experiences”. The next main theme was “Inter-relational Purposes of Entities”. This theme encompasses the relationship between participants and the psychedelic-induced characters of their imagination divided into four sub-themes in this theme which are named “Friendly and Nurturing”, “Presenting”, “Jestful and Manipulating” and “Formidable and Intimidating.” The study will put the short and long-term effects of these drugs into the consideration of the research community.

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“…With growing interest in empirical research on consciousness, every year an increasing number of studies investigate altered states of consciousness (ASC). ASC are significant divergences from the average wakeful conscious state (for further discussion of a definition of an ASC, please see: Schmidt and Majić, 2016;Wittmann et al, 2019). ASC can be temporarily induced by diverse methods, also called consciousness modifying techniques (CMTs), which include pharmacological (e.g., psychedelics) and non-pharmacologic methods (e.g., breathing exercises).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update of the Altered States Database (ASDB): 2022-12-31

Peters¹,

Prugger²,

Dimkov³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The Altered States Database (ASDB) is an open science project, containing psychometric questionnaire data on altered states of consciousness experiences induced by diverse means. The database was first described in: Schmidt, T. T., & Berkemeyer, H. (2018). The Altered States Database: Psychometric Data of Altered States of Consciousness. In Front. Psychol. and an upgrade to cohere to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 standards has been reported in: Prugger, J., Derdiyok, E., Dinkelacker, J., Costines, C., & Schmidt, T. T. (2022). The Altered States Database: Psychometric data from a systematic literature review. In Sci. Data. Here, we report the update to include data until 2022-12-31. A systematic literature review according to PRISMA guidelines was conducted in which 431 items were screened, and data from 23 eligible journal articles was extracted. The complete data is available on Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/8mbru.

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Altered states of consciousness: With special reference to time and the self

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Red visual stimulation in theGanzfeldleads to a relative overestimation of duration compared to green

Red visual stimulation in theGanzfeldleads to a relative overestimation of duration compared to green

The Psychological Effects of the Administration of Psychedelics on the Minds of Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review

Update of the Altered States Database (ASDB): 2022-12-31

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