Altered within- and between-host transmission under coinfection underpin parasite co-occurrence patterns in the wild

Sallinen, Suvi; Susi, Hanna; Halliday, Fletcher W.; Laine, Anna‐Liisa

doi:10.1007/s10682-022-10182-9

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…31 , 56 , 57 . An important further extension of this study would be modelling the effects of direct competition between different parasites inside the host, for example, interacting parasites can reduce their negative impact on the host by inhibiting each other 25 , 58 , 59 . Sometimes competition between parasites within the host can result in their competitive exclusion 59 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting implementation of multiple natural enemies in pest management

Alharbi

Sandhu

Areshi

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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A major goal of biological control is the reduction and/or eradication of pests using various natural enemies, in particular, via deliberate infection of the target species by parasites. To enhance the biological control, a promising strategy seems to implement a multi-enemy assemblage rather than a single control agent. Although a large body of theoretical studies exists on co-infections in epidemiology and ecology, there is still a big gap in modelling outcomes of multi-enemy biological control. Here we theoretically investigate how the efficiency of biological control of a pest depends on the number of natural enemies used. We implement a combination of eco-epidemiological modelling and the Adaptive Dynamics game theory framework. We found that a progressive addition of parasite species increases the evolutionarily stable virulence of each parasite, and thus enhances the mortality of the target pest. However, using multiple enemies may have only a marginal effect on the success of biological control, or can even be counter-productive when the number of enemies is excessive. We found the possibility of evolutionary suicide, where one or several parasite species go extinct over the course of evolution. Finally, we demonstrate an interesting scenario of coexistence of multiple parasites at the edge of extinction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting implementation of multiple natural enemies in pest management

Alharbi

Sandhu

Areshi

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…Consequently, caterpillars coinfected with competing strains of bacteria have lower mortality than caterpillars infected with just a single strain. The nature and magnitude of the host–parasite and parasite–parasite interactions can have important implications for parasite virulence and transmission (Johnson & Hoverman, 2012; Sallinen et al, 2022), as well as host investment in defence and the susceptibility of the host to future infections (Jamieson et al, 2010; Telfer et al, 2010). In short, coinfection, or more broadly, co‐parasitism, can have fundamental effects on the ecology and evolution of parasites and hosts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co‐parasitism in the face of predation: Effects of natural enemies on a neotropical mockingbird

Herman,

Fiorini,

Crudele

et al. 2023

Journal of Animal Ecology

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Co‐parasitism is ubiquitous and has important consequences for the ecology and evolution of wild host populations. Studies of parasite co‐infections remain limited in scope, with few experimental tests of the fitness consequences of multiple parasites, especially in natural populations. We measured the separate and combined effects of Philornis seguyi nest flies and shiny cowbirds Molothrus bonariensis on the fitness of a shared host, the chalk‐browed mockingbird (Mimus saturninus) in Argentina. Using a two‐factor experimental approach, we manipulated the presence of nest flies and cowbirds in mockingbird nests and assessed their effects on mockingbird haemoglobin levels, begging and provisioning rates, body size, and fledging success. We also monitored rates of nest predation in relation to parasitism by flies and cowbirds. Nest flies reduced the haemoglobin concentration, body size, and fledging success of mockingbirds, likely because mockingbirds did not compensate for parasitism by begging more or feeding their nestlings more. Cowbirds also reduced the fledging success of mockingbirds, even though they had no detectable effect on haemoglobin or body size. Nests with cowbirds, which beg more than mockingbirds, attracted more nest predators. There was no significant interaction between the effects of flies and cowbirds on any component of mockingbird fitness. The combined effects of nest flies and cowbirds were strictly additive. In summary, we show that nest flies and cowbirds both reduce host fitness, but do not have interactive effects in co‐parasitized nests. Our results further suggest that predators exacerbate the effects of nest flies and cowbirds on their hosts. Our study shows that the fitness consequences of co‐parasitism are complex, especially in the context of community‐level interactions.

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