Altering Developmental Trajectories in Mice by Restricted Index Selection

Atchley, William R.; Xu, Shizhong; Cowley, David E.

doi:10.1093/genetics/146.2.629

Cited by 35 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Assuming a steady state, each new cell produced per unit time adds length equivalent to H in the direction of longitudinal growth. Given this relationship, a specific change in a bone's growth rate and mature length can be achieved through a proportional change in any of these cellular processes (developmental homoplasy, Atchley, Xu, & Cowley, 1997;Norgard et al, 2008). For example, 50% faster growth can be achieved through 50% more cells, increasing the mitotic rate by 50%, or through the cells becoming 1.5× as large in the hypertrophic zone.…”

Section: Duration Of Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, both cell number and cell size have been shown to contribute to the selection response for variation in body size and in specific internal organs, with selection for increased body size being associated with both increased cell number (hyperplasia) and increased cell size (hypertrophy) (Colebrook, Black, Brown, & Donnelly, 1988;Falconer, Gauld, & Roberts, 1978). Interestingly, the developmental response to selection for increased body mass depends in part on the timing of selection, with earlier selection associated with hyperplasia, and selection on later growth favoring hypertrophy (Atchley et al, 1997).…”

Section: Chondrocyte Size Versus Number In Evolutionary Allometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endochondral ossification and the evolution of limb proportions

Rolian

2020

WIREs Developmental Biology

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Mammals have remarkably diverse limb proportions hypothesized to have evolved adaptively in the context of locomotion and other behaviors. Mechanistically, evolutionary diversity in limb proportions is the result of differential limb bone growth. Longitudinal limb bone growth is driven by the process of endochondral ossification, under the control of the growth plates. In growth plates, chondrocytes undergo a tightly orchestrated life cycle of proliferation, matrix production, hypertrophy, and cell death/transdifferentiation. This life cycle is highly conserved, both among the long bones of an individual, and among homologous bones of distantly related taxa, leading to a finite number of complementary cell mechanisms that can generate heritable phenotype variation in limb bone size and shape. The most important of these mechanisms are chondrocyte population size in chondrogenesis and in individual growth plates, proliferation rates, and hypertrophic chondrocyte size. Comparative evidence in mammals and birds suggests the existence of developmental biases that favor evolutionary changes in some of these cellular mechanisms over others in driving limb allometry. Specifically, chondrocyte population size may evolve more readily in response to selection than hypertrophic chondrocyte size, and extreme hypertrophy may be a rarer evolutionary phenomenon associated with highly specialized modes of locomotion in mammals (e.g., powered flight, ricochetal bipedal hopping). Physical and physiological constraints at multiple levels of biological organization may also have influenced the cell developmental mechanisms that have evolved to produce the highly diverse limb proportions in extant mammals. This article is categorized under: Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species

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Section: Duration Of Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chondrocyte Size Versus Number In Evolutionary Allometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Endochondral ossification and the evolution of limb proportions

Rolian

2020

WIREs Developmental Biology

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Body weight and tail length divergence in mice selected for rate of development

Rhees

Atchley

2000

J. Exp. Zool.

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A series of mouse lines has been produced by 19 generations of restricted index selection for rate of development during early and late ontogeny. The selection program was based on an index with the following four replicated selection treatments: E+ and E– were selected to alter birth to 10‐day body weight gain while holding late gain for both selection lines constant; correspondingly, L+ and L– were selected to alter 28‐ to 56‐day body weight gain holding early gain for both lines constant. Herein, we characterize response to selection for growth rate by analyzing age‐specific mouse body weight and tail lengths and for growth curves using a logistics model. Selection on developmental rate has resulted in divergence in both age‐specific and growth curve traits. E+ and L+ lines reached identical weights during the late selection interval, then diverged to unique mature weights. E– and L– lines similarly achieved identical weights during late selection and diverged to unique mature weights. However, the shapes of early and late growth curves were significantly divergent, and at least two distinct growth patterns are shown to result from selection. Response in body weight gain was accompanied by similar, though less pronounced, change in tail length traits. Significant response during intervals of restricted growth was also found, especially in lines selected for late gain. The evolution of the growth trajectory under restricted index selection is discussed in terms of drift and available additive genetic variation and covariation. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 288:151–164, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Hepatic endopolyploidy as a cellular consequence of age‐specific selection for rate of development in mice

et al. 2008

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Endopolyploidy is the generation of polyploid cells by DNA replication without subsequent cell division and is correlated with hypertrophic growth or growth via cell size. Thus, selection that alters growth may also change onset and frequency of endopolyploidy as a correlated response. We search for endopolyploidy in the liver in response to age-specific restricted index selection for the rate of development. Polyploidy changes over ontogeny are described in five mouse lines: two selected for divergence in early growth (0-10 days of age), two selected for divergence in late growth (28-56 days of age), and one randombred control. Polyploid cell frequency within each line increased as ontogeny continued, as expected from previous research. However, selection for altered growth clearly plays a role in the frequency and onset of polyploid cells. Lines selected for divergence in early growth have polyploidy differences after weaning that are not seen in adult mice. However, lines selected for divergence in late growth are divergent in frequency of polyploid cells, starting near sexual maturity and continuing into adulthood.

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Altering Developmental Trajectories in Mice by Restricted Index Selection

Cited by 35 publications

References 35 publications

Endochondral ossification and the evolution of limb proportions

Endochondral ossification and the evolution of limb proportions

Body weight and tail length divergence in mice selected for rate of development

Hepatic endopolyploidy as a cellular consequence of age‐specific selection for rate of development in mice

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