Alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed: Occurrence, biosynthesis, toxicity, analytical methods, control and detoxification strategies

Nagda, Adhishree; Meena, Mukesh

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.110211

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 242 publications

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“…Analyses of feed and feed ingredient samples collected in Europe have shown frequent contamination with Alternaria toxins, especially with AOH, AME, and TeA [12]. Consumption of contaminated feed could give rise to health problems in livestock.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, a survey on fungal secondary metabolites in pig feed samples carried out between 2014 and 2019 indicated that 40.3% of samples were contaminated with AME, with a maximum concentration of 208 µg/kg [10]. Exposure to Alternaria mycotoxins was associated with different negative effects on human and animal health, including cytotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects [7,11,12]. Even if acute AME toxicity is low, AME exposure can induce gene mutations, chromosome breakage, and DNA damage, as demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro experiments [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternariol Monomethyl-Ether Induces Toxicity via Cell Death and Oxidative Stress in Swine Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Marin,

Bulgaru,

Pertea

et al. 2024

Toxins

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Alternariol monomethyl-ether (AME), together with altenuene and alternariol, belongs to the Alternaria mycotoxins group, which can contaminate different substrates, including cereals. The aim of the present study was to obtain a deeper understanding concerning the effects of AME on pig intestinal health using epithelial intestinal cell lines as the data concerning the possible effects of Alternaria toxins on swine are scarce and insufficient for assessing the risk represented by Alternaria toxins for animal health. Our results have shown a dose-related effect on IPEC-1 cell viability, with an IC50 value of 10.5 μM. Exposure to the toxin induced an increase in total apoptotic cells, suggesting that AME induces programmed cell death through apoptosis based on caspase-3/7 activation in IPEC-1 cells. DNA and protein oxidative damage triggered by AME were associated with an alteration of the antioxidant response, as shown by a decrease in the enzymatic activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase. These effects on the oxidative response can be related to an inhibition of the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway; however, further studies are needed in order to validate these in vitro data using in vivo trials in swine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternariol Monomethyl-Ether Induces Toxicity via Cell Death and Oxidative Stress in Swine Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Marin,

Bulgaru,

Pertea

et al. 2024

Toxins

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show abstract

“…AOH, AME and TeA are produced by Alternaria alternata, A. cucumeria, A. dauci, A. macrospora, A. porri, A. sesami, A. solani, A. tagetica and A. zinnia species. These toxins were detected in apple, mandarin, olive, red pepper, tomato, sunflower seed, sorghum and wheat ( Nagda and Meena, 2024 ). AOH and AME are mutagenic mycotoxins ( Nagda and Meena, 2024 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These toxins were detected in apple, mandarin, olive, red pepper, tomato, sunflower seed, sorghum and wheat ( Nagda and Meena, 2024 ). AOH and AME are mutagenic mycotoxins ( Nagda and Meena, 2024 ). TeA, which inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth, is an active metabolite of A. alternata with higher toxicity than ALT, AOH, and AME ( Sonaimuthu et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TeA, which inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth, is an active metabolite of A. alternata with higher toxicity than ALT, AOH, and AME ( Sonaimuthu et al, 2011 ). TeA is toxic for humans, mice, poultry, and dogs, with mutagenic and genotoxic effects ( Gambacorta et al, 2019 ; Nagda and Meena, 2024 ). This toxin degrades thylakoids or inhibits protein biosynthesis by ribosomes and photophosphorylation at the QB level ( Liu et al, 2007 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phytotoxicity effect of a highly toxic isolate of Alternaria alternata metabolites from Iran

Sedighi,

Mohammadi

2024

Toxicon: X

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The characteristics, occurrence, and toxicological effects of alternariol: a mycotoxin

Saleh,

Zeidan,

Abu-Dieyeh

2024

Arch Toxicol

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Alternaria species are mycotoxin-producing fungi known to infect fresh produce and to cause their spoilage. Humans get exposed to fungal secondary metabolites known as mycotoxin via the ingestion of contaminated food. Alternariol (AOH) (C14H10O5) is an isocoumarins produced by different species of Alternaria including Alternaria alternata. AOH is often found in grain, fruits and fruits-based food products with high levels in legumes, nuts, and tomatoes. AOH was first discovered in 1953, and it is nowadays linked to esophagus cancer and endocrine disruption due to its similarity to estrogen. Although considered as an emerging mycotoxin with no regulated levels in food, AOH occurs in highly consumed dietary products and has been detected in various masked forms, which adds to its occurrence. Therefore, this comprehensive review was developed to give an overview on recent literature in the field of AOH. The current study summarizes published data on occurrence levels of AOH in different food products in the last ten years and evaluates those levels in comparison to recommended levels by the regulating entities. Such surveillance facilitates the work of health risk assessors and highlights commodities that are most in need of AOH levels regulation. In addition, the effects of AOH on cells and animal models were summarized in two tables; data include the last two-year literature studies. The review addresses also the main characteristics of AOH and the possible human exposure routes, the populations at risk, and the effect of anthropogenic activities on the widespread of the mycotoxin. The commonly used detection and control methods described in the latest literature are also discussed to guide future researchers to focus on mitigating mycotoxins contamination in the food industry. This review aims mainly to serve as a guideline on AOH for mycotoxin regulation developers and health risk assessors.

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Alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed: Occurrence, biosynthesis, toxicity, analytical methods, control and detoxification strategies

Cited by 9 publications

References 242 publications

Alternariol Monomethyl-Ether Induces Toxicity via Cell Death and Oxidative Stress in Swine Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Alternariol Monomethyl-Ether Induces Toxicity via Cell Death and Oxidative Stress in Swine Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Phytotoxicity effect of a highly toxic isolate of Alternaria alternata metabolites from Iran

The characteristics, occurrence, and toxicological effects of alternariol: a mycotoxin

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