Alternate fuels: Calculating the value of rooftop solar

Abstract

In California, the price paid for renewable energy resources has historically been linked to the cost of energy from new natural gas—fired baseload plants, ostensibly to protect utility ratepayers from paying too much for renewable energy resources. Numerous new natural gas—fired plants have been authorized by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) in recent years.

Laser–plasma acceleration of electrons for radiobiology and radiation sources

“…Along with radiobiology studies, all-optical X-ray and c-ray sources [9] based upon Thomson or inverse-Compton scattering, are also rapidly emerging [10][11][12][13][14] as potentially competitive with existing similar sources based on conventional linear accelerators and already feasible with existing established acceleration regimes. Thomson scattering from free electrons is a pure electrodynamic process in which each particle radiates while interacting with an electromagnetic wave [15,16].…”

Resonantly Enhanced Betatron Hard X-rays from Ionization Injected Electrons in a Laser Plasma Accelerator

“…On the other hand, with the development of femtosecond high power lasers [5], laser plasma x-ray sources are becoming increasingly attractive due to their compactness and natural synchronization of drive lasers and produced x-ray sources. X-ray emission from laser plasma interactions, such as K x-ray emission, nonlinear Thomson scattering and betatron x-ray sources, have been intensively studied [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. In particular, the betatron x-ray emission from electron oscillations in the laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) is a promising source for its high spatial coherence [12], sound photon yield (> 10 8 /shot) and high photon energy (up to MeV) [13].…”