Alternative adaptive immunity in invertebrates

Kurtz, Joachim; Armitage, Sophie A. O.

doi:10.1016/j.it.2006.09.001

Cited by 133 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The obvious implication is that 185/ 333 proteins are involved in some form of pathogen-specific immunological response. There is growing evidence for this level of immunological specificity among a variety of invertebrates (1,2,5,(27)(28)(29). For instance, bacterial immunization in bumble bees can induce acquired immune responses that are highly specific to the original, inoculating species of bacteria (29), although the mechanisms underlying this response are not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Variable Immune-Response Proteins (185/333) from the Sea Urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: Proteomic Analysis Identifies Diversity within and between Individuals

Dheilly

Nair

Smith

et al. 2009

The Journal of Immunology

136

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185/333 genes and transcripts from the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, predict high levels of amino acid diversity within the encoded proteins. Based on their expression patterns, 185/333 proteins appear to be involved in immune responses. In the present study, one- and two-dimensional Western blots show that 185/333 proteins exhibit high levels of molecular diversity within and between individual sea urchins. The molecular masses of 185/333-positive bands or spots range from 30 to 250 kDa with a broad array of isoelectric points. The observed molecular masses are higher than those predicted from mRNAs, suggesting that 185/333 proteins form strong associations with other molecules or with each other. Some sea urchins expressed >200 distinct 185/333 proteins, and each animal had a unique suite of the proteins that differed from all other individuals. When sea urchins were challenged in vivo with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs; bacterial LPS and peptidoglycan), the expression of 185/333 proteins increased. More importantly, different suites of 185/333 proteins were expressed in response to different PAMPs. This suggests that the expression of 185/333 proteins can be tailored toward different PAMPs in a form of pathogen-specific immune response.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Variable Immune-Response Proteins (185/333) from the Sea Urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: Proteomic Analysis Identifies Diversity within and between Individuals

Dheilly

Nair

Smith

et al. 2009

The Journal of Immunology

136

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“…It is well established that Dscam plays a crucial role in nervous system development (Schmucker et al 2000;Wang et al 2002Wang et al , 2004Hummel et al 2003;Chen et al 2006;Kurtz and Armitage 2006;Zipursky et al 2006;Hattori et al 2007;Hughes et al 2007) and may also function in immune response in arthropods (Watson et al 2005;Dong et al 2006). In the immune system, it has been shown that various isoforms can physically interact with distinct pathogens (Dong et al 2006).…”

Section: Functional Implications Of the Proposed Duplication Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Massive expansions of Dscam splicing diversity via staggered homologous recombination during arthropod evolution

Lee¹,

Kim²,

Roy³

et al. 2009

RNA

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The arthropod Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) gene can generate tens of thousands of protein isoforms via combinatorial splicing of numerous alternative exons encoding immunoglobulin variable domains organized into three clusters referred to as the exon 4, 6, and 9 clusters. Dscam protein diversity is important for nervous system development and immune functions. We have performed extensive phylogenetic analyses of Dscam from 20 arthropods (each containing between 46 and 96 alternative exons) to reconstruct the detailed history of exon duplication and loss events that built this remarkable system over 450 million years of evolution. Whereas the structure of the exon 4 cluster is ancient, the exon 6 and 9 clusters have undergone massive, independent expansions in each insect lineage. An analysis of nearly 2000 duplicated exons enabled detailed reconstruction of the timing, location, and boundaries of these duplication events. These data clearly show that new Dscam exons have arisen continuously throughout arthropod evolution and that this process is still occurring in the exon 6 and 9 clusters. Recently duplicated regions display boundaries corresponding to a single exon and the adjacent intron. The boundaries, homology, location, clustering, and relative frequencies of these duplication events strongly suggest that staggered homologous recombination is the major mechanism by which new Dscam exons evolve. These data provide a remarkably detailed picture of how complex gene structure evolves and reveal the molecular mechanism behind this process.

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“…(46) However, the ability to somatically expand receptor diversity does not, on its own, constitute memory or effector specificity as recently put forward. (49) To make such conceptual leaps to support the case for vertebrate style adaptive immunity in invertebrates without any other basis is little short of mechanistic justification by proxy.…”

Section: Innate Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive immunity in invertebrates: A straw house without a mechanistic foundation

2007

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SummaryRecently claims have been made for radical new insights in the field of invertebrate immunology that involve memory, specificity and/or maternal transfer of immunocompetence. For evidence these claims rely on phenomena, such as survival or reproductive capacity, observed at the level of the whole organism. The allure of these apparently revelatory hypotheses is that they are contrary to established views of innate immunity. They draw implicit analogy to adaptive responses in jawed vertebrates and the terminology used creates an incomplete and misleading picture. We argue that the case for adaptive immunity in invertebrates based only on such phenomena is weak and flawed, as it can only be upheld if supported by descriptions of the underlying mechanisms. We caution against a reliance on this approach as a means of advancing this field-highlighting, as an example, some negative commercial implications of adopting this approach.

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Alternative adaptive immunity in invertebrates

Cited by 133 publications

References 25 publications

Highly Variable Immune-Response Proteins (185/333) from the Sea Urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: Proteomic Analysis Identifies Diversity within and between Individuals

Highly Variable Immune-Response Proteins (185/333) from the Sea Urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: Proteomic Analysis Identifies Diversity within and between Individuals

Massive expansions of Dscam splicing diversity via staggered homologous recombination during arthropod evolution

Adaptive immunity in invertebrates: A straw house without a mechanistic foundation

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