Alternative fuels co-fired with natural gas in the pre-calciner of a cement plant: Energy and material flows

Nhuchhen, Daya Ram; Sit, Song P.; Layzell, David B.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120544

Cited by 35 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Cement production contributes to over 5% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Peters et al, 2017). A range of 50%–65% of the total GHGs emissions, also known as process emissions, are released from calcining and sintering reactions of raw materials such as limestone, mill scale, red shale and sandstone while producing a clinker, an intermediary solid product of cement production (Nhuchhen et al, 2021; Worrell et al, 2001). Other emission sources include the combustion of fossil fuels to achieve process temperature requirements as well as the use of electrical energy to grind raw materials and operate other auxiliary devices in clinker making (Ayer & Dias, 2018; Nhuchhen et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cement plants have generally used coal and pet coke to meet thermal energy demand (Ayer & Dias, 2018, Nhuchhen et al, 2021), but these energy sources have high GHG emission intensity, ranging from 95 kg CO 2 e/GJ LHV for coal to 98 kg CO 2 e/GJ LHV for pet‐coke (Pardo et al, 2011). Although a lower carbon (C) fuel such as natural gas (NG) (56 kg CO 2 /GJ LHV ) could reduce the emissions associated with fuel combustion, only a few cement plants, where NG is available at a lower cost, have used it as an alternative to coal or pet‐coke (Nhuchhen et al, 2021; Pardo et al, 2011), which can reduce clinker production costs as well as fossil C emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate impact of diverting residual biomass to cement production

2023

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Co‐firing residual lignocellulosic biomass with fossil fuels is often used to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially in processes like cement production where fuel costs are critical and residual biomass can be obtained at a low cost. Since plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere, CO2 emissions from biomass combustion are often assumed to have zero global warming potential (GWPbCO2= 0) and do not contribute to climate forcing. However, diverting residual biomass to energy use has recently been shown to increase the atmospheric CO2 load when compared to business‐as‐usual (BAU) practices, resulting in GWPbCO2 values between 0 and 1. A detailed process model for a natural gas‐fired cement plant producing 4200 megagrams of clinker per day was used to calculate the material and energy flows, as well as the lifecycle emissions associated with cement production without and with diverted biomass (supplying 50% of precalciner energy demand) from forestry and landfill sources. Biomass co‐firing reduced natural gas demand in the precalciner of the cement plant by 39% relative to the reference scenario (100% natural gas), but the total demands for thermal, electrical, and diesel (transportation) energy increased by at least 14%. Assuming GWPbCO2 values of zero for biomass combustion, cement's lifecycle GHG intensity changed from the reference (natural gas only) plant by −40, −23, and − 89 kg CO2/Mg clinker for diverted biomass from slash burning, forest floor and landfill biomass, respectively. However, using the calculated GWPbCO2 values for diverted biomass from these same fuel sources, the lifecycle GHG intensities changes were −37, +20 and +28 kg CO2/Mg clinker, respectively. The switch from decreasing to increasing cement plant GHG emissions (i.e., forest floor or landfill feedstocks scenarios) highlights the importance of calculating and using the GWPbCO2 factor when quantifying lifecycle GHG impacts associated with diverting residual biomass to bioenergy use.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate impact of diverting residual biomass to cement production

2023

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“…Additionally, wood dust can also be used as a fuel source in energy production (Nhuchhen et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine dust after sanding untreated and thermally modified spruce, oak, and meranti wood

Sydor

Majka

Hanincová

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Airborne wood dust causes health and safety hazards in the construction and furniture industry. The study verified whether the thermal modification affects the share of the finest wood dust particles (< 10 μm) created by sanding oak, spruce, and meranti wood. The experimental research included nine variants of materials (three species of wood in three states: untreated, thermally modified at 160°C, and thermally modified at 220°C). A belt sander with a dust collector allowed the collection of at least 200 g of each dust variant (P80 sandpaper and 10 m/s belt speed). Next, a set of sieves with 2000, 1000, 500, 250, and 125 µm aperture sizes was used to recognize the gradation of the wood particle aggregate. A laser particle sizer was used to determine details of dust with particle sizes smaller than 125 μm. The size distribution of the finest particles was analyzed in four fractions with particle sizes < 2.5, 2.5-4, and 4-10 μm. The results show that, surprisingly, sanding dust from thermally modified wood generates a lower average mass share of potentially harmful particle fractions than dust from untreated wood. When comparing tested wood species, it is noticed that oak dust has a higher proportion of the best particles than spruce and Meranti dust. Dust from thermally modified oak and meranti has a lower content of harmful particle fractions than dust from untreated wood. The average mass shares of these dust fractions formed during the sanding of modified wood at 160 and 220°C are not significantly different (p <0.05). The opposite was observed in the case of spruce wood because spruce dust has a low content of fine fractions, and its particles have a more irregular elongated shape. The study took into account the extreme temperatures used in the thermal modification of wood (160 and 220°C), then it can be assumed that the statements mentioned above are valid in all intermediate thermos-modification temperatures.

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“…It can be used to transition from non-renewable energy sources, such as petroleum and coal, to renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and tidal energy. It can effectively reduce the generation of carbon dioxide and organic pollutants. − Natural gas is an environment-friendly energy source but not an inexhaustible energy source. With the continuous increase in global energy demand, conventional natural gas reserves have been unable to meet the rising energy consumption. − The emergence of shale gas is a rule changer in the current international energy market. − With the exploitation of unconventional gas reservoirs represented by shale gas, some countries no longer rely on imported energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Research on the Effect of Ultrasonic Waves on the Adsorption, Desorption, and Seepage Characteristics of Shale Gas

Zhang

et al. 2021

ACS Omega

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Shale gas reservoirs are tight reservoirs with ultralow porosity and ultralow permeability, and their matrix pores are mostly nanoscale. In addition, matrix particles and organic pore surfaces adsorb shale gas. These problems cause the production per well of shale gas to be lower than that of conventional natural gas. The use of hydraulic fracturing technology to exploit shale gas can achieve a good production increase effect. However, using this technology has some limitations caused by technical characteristics and geological conditions. Therefore, new technologies for shale gas exploitation need to be explored. In this study, we propose a method to improve the flow characteristics of shale gas by using ultrasonic waves to increase shale gas production and perform experimental tests to research the actual effect of this method. The lithology, mineral composition, pore structure, specific surface area, and pore size distribution of shale samples are tested. Then, the attenuation characteristics of ultrasonic waves propagating in shale are analyzed. Finally, the effect of ultrasonic waves on the adsorption, desorption, and seepage of shale gas is explored. Results show that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm can describe the adsorption characteristics of shale gas under the action of ultrasonic waves. The gas adsorption constant decreases with increasing ultrasonic wave power. The ultrasonic waves accelerate the gas desorption rate, significantly increase the desorption volume, and prolong the time taken to reach desorption equilibrium. They also increase the permeability of shale gas, and the growth is proportional to the power of the ultrasonic waves. These results indicate that the permeability of shale gas has a power function relationship with the effective stress under ultrasonic waves.

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Alternative fuels co-fired with natural gas in the pre-calciner of a cement plant: Energy and material flows

Cited by 35 publications

References 25 publications

Climate impact of diverting residual biomass to cement production

Climate impact of diverting residual biomass to cement production

Fine dust after sanding untreated and thermally modified spruce, oak, and meranti wood

Experimental Research on the Effect of Ultrasonic Waves on the Adsorption, Desorption, and Seepage Characteristics of Shale Gas

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