Alternative method of making electrical connections in the 1st and 3rd generation modules as an effective way to improve module efficiency and reduce production costs

doi:10.24425/ather.2023.147543

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…By simultaneously serving as a building façade and an energy generator, building-integrated photovoltaic systems can provide savings in materials and electricity costs [11]. Currently, photovoltaic modules for integration with buildings are produced as a standard construction product, and by matching standard façade and roof structures, these elements have created a completely new market: BIPVs [12]. The problem of BIPV systems is power loss caused by temperature increases, because the modules often operate close to the building's external walls with poor ventilation [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Electrical Parameters of Side Connectors in Glass–Glass Photovoltaic Modules

Barbusiński,

Kwaśnicki,

Gronba-Chyła

et al. 2024

Energies

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This work focused on the verification of the electrical parameters and the durability of side connectors installed in glass–glass photovoltaic modules. Ensuring the safe use of photovoltaic modules is achieved, among others, by using electrical connectors connecting the PV cell circuit inside the laminate with an external electric cable. In most of the cases for standard PV modules, the electrical connector in the form of a junction box is attached from the back side of the PV module. The junction box is glued to the module surface with silicone where the busbars were previously brought out of the laminate through specially prepared holes. An alternative method is to place connectors on the edge of the module, laminating part of it. In such a case, the specially prepared “wings” of the connector are tightly and permanently connected using laminating foil, between two glass panes protecting against an electrical breakdown. Additionally, this approach eliminates the process of preparing holes on the back side of the module, which is especially complicated and time-consuming in the case of glass–glass modules. Moreover, side connectors are desirable in BIPV applications because they allow for a more flexible design of installations on façades and walls of buildings. A series of samples were prepared in the form of PV G-G modules with side connectors, which were then subjected to testing the connectors for the influence of environmental conditions. All samples were characterized before and after the effect of environmental conditions according to PN-EN-61215-2 standards. Insulation resistance tests were performed in dry and wet conditions, ensuring full contact of the tested sample with water. For all modules, before being placed in the climatic chamber, the resistance values were far above the minimum value required by the standards, allowing the module to be safely used. For the dry tests, the resistance values were in the range of GΩ, while for the wet tests, the obtained values were in the range of MΩ. In further work, the modules were subjected to environmental influences in accordance with MQT-11, MQT-12, and MQT-13 and then subjected to electrical measurements again. A simulation of the impact of changing climatic conditions on the module test showed that the insulation resistance value is reduced by an order of magnitude for both the dry and wet tests. Additionally, one can observe visual changes where the lamination foil is in contact with the connector. The measurements carried out in this work show the potential of side connectors and their advantage over rear junction boxes, but also the technological challenges that need to be overcome.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Electrical Parameters of Side Connectors in Glass–Glass Photovoltaic Modules

Barbusiński,

Kwaśnicki,

Gronba-Chyła

et al. 2024

Energies

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“…Of these, solar energy is the most reliable, least expensive, and easiest to use [1]. A variety of solar cells have been developed, including crystalline silicon cells (c-Si), amorphous silicon cells (a-Si), dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), hybrid solar cells [2][3][4], nanocrystalline solar cells, multijunction SCs, perovskite SCs, organic SCs, photoelectrochemical cells (PEC), plasmonic SCs, quantum dot SCs (QDSCs), multilayer SCs with a gradient band gap, and semiconductor SCs [5,6]. The physical basis and photovoltaic potentials of nanowire-IBSCs based on dilute III-V nitride compounds are discussed: these photovoltaic devices promise to overcome many of the limitations encountered to date in the practical implementation of IBSCs based on QD III-V or IIIplanar NV heterostructures [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the TCO Layer on a Glass Surface for PV IInd and IIIrd Generation Applications

Kwaśnicki,

Gronba-Chyła,

Generowicz

et al. 2024

Energies

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In the dynamic field of photovoltaic technology, the pursuit of efficiency and sustainability has led to continuous novelty, shaping the landscape of solar energy solutions. One of the key elements affecting the efficiency of photovoltaic cells of IInd and IIIrd generation is the presence of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers, which are key elements impacting the efficiency and durability of solar panels, especially for DSSC, CdTe, CIGS (copper indium gallium diselenide) or organic, perovskite and quantum dots. TCO with low electrical resistance, high mobility, and high transmittance in the VIS–NIR region is particularly important in DSSC, CIGS, and CdTe solar cells, working as a window and electron transporting layer. This layer must form an ohmic contact with the adjacent layers, typically the buffer layer (such as CdS or ZnS), to ensure efficient charge collection Furthermore it ensures protection against oxidation and moisture, which is especially important when transporting the active cell structure to further process steps such as lamination, which ensures the final seal. Transparent conductive oxide layers, which typically consist of materials such as indium tin oxide (ITO) or alternatives such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), serve dual purposes in photovoltaic applications. Primarily located as the topmost layer of solar cells, TCOs play a key role in transmitting sunlight while facilitating the efficient collection and transport of generated electrical charges. This complex balance between transparency and conductivity highlights the strategic importance of TCO layers in maximizing the performance and durability of photovoltaic systems. As the global demand for clean energy increases and the photovoltaic industry rapidly develops, understanding the differential contribution of TCO layers becomes particularly important in the context of using PV modules as building-integrated elements (BIPV). The use of transparent or semi-transparent modules allows the use of building glazing, including windows and skylights. In addition, considering the dominant position of the Asian market in the production of cells and modules based on silicon, the European market is intensifying work aimed at finding a competitive PV technology. In this context, thin-film, organic modules may prove competitive. For this purpose, in this work, we focused on the electrical parameters of two different thicknesses of a transparent FTO layer. First, the influence of the FTO layer thickness on the transmittance over a wide range was verified. Next, the chemical composition was determined, and key electrical parameters, including carrier mobility, resistivity, and the Hall coefficient, were determined.

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“…The main goal in municipal waste management is the absolute application of the waste hierarchy, in which the most important is the prevention and minimisation of waste generation, followed by design with recycling, recovery of qualitatively valuable secondary use materials and, as a last resort, disposal safe for health and the environment (Kang et al 2023, Kwaśnicki et al 2023. A modern approach to municipal waste management requires a comprehensive treatment of the issue, considering economics, ecology, and the conditions of local communities (Su et al 2023, Wiewiórska 2023a.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of Municipal Waste Management in Poland Towards a Circular Economy

Ciuła,

Bajdur,

Gronba-Chyła

et al. 2023

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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Municipal waste management in Poland has continuously changed over the past years regarding collection systems and disposal processes. After joining the EU, the approach to waste management changed dramatically, intensifying selective collection and implementing recovery and treatment processes. Recent years have shown that a further fundamental overhaul in the waste sector is needed to convert the sector to a closed-loop economy. These challenges are appearing in Poland, forcing actions in which the efficiency of the waste stream management system should generate added value in the form of sourced raw materials, materials and products. The waste generated should be managed following the waste hierarchy, in which disposal is the least desirable process. The work aims to analyse the current state of municipal waste management in Poland concerning applicable legal requirements, waste management hierarchy and the use of the best available technologies. The data from the analysis was used to determine where Poland is currently, heading towards transforming to a circular economy in the technological, social, environmental and economic areas. The research results showed the need to reduce the waste generated, including a significant reduction in the amount of waste stored in landfills and a significant increase in the recycling rates of municipal waste. In this context, supporting the transition to a closed-loop economy is essential in creating a low-carbon, recycling and innovative waste management, implementing EU strategies.

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Alternative method of making electrical connections in the 1st and 3rd generation modules as an effective way to improve module efficiency and reduce production costs

Cited by 5 publications

References 47 publications

Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Electrical Parameters of Side Connectors in Glass–Glass Photovoltaic Modules

Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Electrical Parameters of Side Connectors in Glass–Glass Photovoltaic Modules

Characterization of the TCO Layer on a Glass Surface for PV IInd and IIIrd Generation Applications

Transformation of Municipal Waste Management in Poland Towards a Circular Economy

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