Alternative Pathway Activation of Complement in Laparoscopic and Open Rectal Surgery

Abstract

The study was designed to investigate whether complement is activated in patients subject to rectal surgery and whether the choice of surgical technique (open or laparoscopic) has any impact on the activation of complement. Our hypothesis is that laparoscopic surgery leads to a lower‐level activation of complement than open surgery. Patients (n = 24) subject to rectal surgery owing to rectal cancer were included. The study was prospective and randomized. The patients were randomized to either laparoscopic surgery (n = 12) or open surgery (n = 12). Blood samples for determination of complement activation (C4d, Bb, C3bc and the terminal C5b‐9 complex TCC) were drawn before start of surgery (T0) and at the following time‐points after start of surgery: 180 min (T1), 360 min (T2), 24 h (T3) and 3–5 days (T4). A significant increase in the alternative pathway activation product Bb and in the terminal pathway activation product TCC was seen over time in both groups (P < 0.001). Bb peaked early (T1) and returned to baseline levels post‐operatively, whereas TCC increased steadily with maximum values in the late post‐operative period. The plasma concentrations of C4d and C3bc decreased significantly in both groups at T1 and T2 and returned to baseline levels at T4. There was no significant difference between the groups. Rectal surgery causes activation of the complement system. Complement is activated through the alternative pathway. Results mostly showed no significant differences between laparoscopic and open rectal surgery apart from lower levels of factor Bb in the former group in the perioperative period.

Open versus laparoscopic liver resection for colorectal liver metastases (the Oslo-CoMet study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

“…Due to financial limitations, it will not possible to perform this comprehensive evaluation of the inflammatory response on all patients in the study. Based on previous experiences [ 38 ], 45 patients are considered to be sufficient to show differences in the inflammatory response after open and laparoscopic liver resection.…”

Increased Alternative Complement Pathway Function and Improved Survival during Critical Illness

“…The alternative complement pathway is critically important for its ability to amplify complement activity ( 3 , 4 ) and for its role in the hyperacute response to infection ( 5 ), including host defense in the lung ( 6 , 7 ). Biological stressors, including infection ( 8 – 11 ), ischemia ( 12 ), trauma ( 13 , 14 ), burns ( 15 ), and surgery ( 16 , 17 ), have all been noted to activate the human complement system. These biological stressors can perturb the complement functional balance, leading to abnormal complement pathway function ( 8 , 18 – 20 ) that may have clinical significance ( 21 ).…”

The Complement System in the Central Nervous System: From Neurodevelopment to Neurodegeneration

“…With emerging evidence showing increased levels of cytokines and glial cell activation in the postoperative brain, neuroinflammation has been implicated as a critical contributory factor to the development of PNDs [ 137 , 138 ]. Previous clinical studies have observed that various peripheral surgical trauma induces complement activation, including C3a, C5a, C5–C9, factor B, and other regulatory complement components in the blood [ 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 ]. Interestingly, C3 in astrocytes and C3aR in microglia are both increased in the brain after tibial fracture surgery, which further accelerates synapse loss, cognitive impairment, and blood–CSF barrier dysfunction [ 45 ].…”