Alternative perspectives on late industrialization in East Asia: A critical survey

China's Business Reforms

“…It denotes instead a primarily developmental concern: that the state is to retain control over the commanding heights of the economy and thereby to direct the path of overall development, amid the increasing integration of the country into the world market. This is in the spirit of the East Asian, or South Korean-Japanese model of late industrialization (Amsden 1989, Wade 1990, Burkett and Hart-Landsberg 2000. It is also in this spirit that the Chinese state has adopted a policy of promoting the development of Korean-Japanesetype business conglomerates.…”

The Steel and Shipbuilding Industries of South Korea: Rising East Asia and Globalization

“…Neoliberal economists' interpretation of the rapid rise of South Korea and the other Asian Tigers as the result of market friendly policies, best exemplified in the World Bank's (1993) report, was debunked both by the events of the Asian financial crisis and by a host of analysts from a variety of perspectives (e.g. Burkett and Hart-Landsberg 2000;Amsden 1989Amsden , 1994Wade 1990bWade , 1996Kohli 2004;Ozawa 2001). Alternative explanations offered by these and other analysts of the rapid rise of South Korea focused on institutional patterns of the South Korean state and the chaebol (large industrial groups) (Amsden 1989;Woo 1991;Kohli 2004), the broader rise of Asia (Arrighi 1996;Arrighi, Hamashita and Selden 2003;Frank 1998;Peng 2002), and participation in the flying geese model of development led by Japan (Ozawa 2001(Ozawa , 2003(Ozawa , 2005Hayter and Edgington 2004;Kojima 2000;Korhonen 1994;Romm 1992;Cutler and Ozawa 2007).…”