Alternative strategies for nitrogen fertilization of overwinter processing spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Southern Italy

Canali, Stefano; Diacono, Mariangela; Ciaccia, Corrado; Masetti, Olimpia; Tittarelli, Fabio; Montemurro, Francesco

doi:10.1016/j.eja.2013.11.013

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…SPAD readings were not altered by the water treatment but greatly increased with nitrogen application. The results are similar to the findings of Canali et al (2014).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The effects of different water and nitrogen levels on yield, water and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.)

et al. 2015

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L. 2015. The effects of different water and nitrogen levels on yield, water and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 671Á679. Water and nitrogen (N) are important factors that affect crop yield. The objective of this study was to explore the interactive effect of water and nitrogen on biomass production, yield and growth responses, water and nitrogen use efficiency of winter-grown spinach. A field experiment was grown with treatments of varying water (W) and nitrogen (N) levels near Shanghai, China. Leaf area, shoot biomass and height of spinach increased with the application of N in the well-watered treatment. The highest chlorophyll content was found in spinach treated with N 2 (170 kg ha(1 nitrogen). A response surface analysis was done on plant height, leaf number, leaf weight, and plant yield of each spinach plant at different water and nitrogen levels. The equation for each of the response surfaces was taken and solved for the mathematical optimum of the curves. Abundant water supply resulted in the highest spinach yield. Yield of spinach increased with N application rates but decreased when the N was excessive. Compared with the low water treatment (W 3 ), a higher N leaching ratio was observed in the high water treatment (W 1 ), regardless of N treatment. With the increase of N application, N use efficiency of spinach significantly decreased, while water use efficiency of spinach increased. In conclusion, water levels between 36.15 cm and 42 cm, and nitrogen applications between 86 and 152.74 kg ha(1 could be recommended as the optimal treatment for spinach growth.

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“…SPAD readings were not altered by the water treatment but greatly increased with nitrogen application. The results are similar to the findings of Canali et al (2014).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The effects of different water and nitrogen levels on yield, water and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.)

et al. 2015

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“…Also, nitrate content was significantly increased in spinach and parsley when A. sulfate as N-source was used. This results may be explained by the fact that NH 4 + is rapidly oxidized to NO 3 -by nitrification in sandy soil so that nitrate is the major available source for plants (Barker and Pilbeam, 2007;Canali et al, 2014). This finding was agreed with the results of Guelser (2005) who found that low dose of A. sulfate increased nitrate content in spinach than urea compared to high dose of both fertilizers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Reduction of Nitrate Content in Response to Salicylic Acid in Spinach and Parsley Fertilized with Two Different N-Sources

Elwan

El-hamahmy

2015

HJSC

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Spinach and parsley are hyper-nitrate accumulator vegetables, thereby constituting a possible human health risk. For that, pot and two field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) application on yield, nitrate content and another quality parameters in spinach and parsley using two different ammonium fertilizers as ammonium sulfate (A. sulfate) and urea. The results of pot experiment (factorial, 2 x 2) showed that, A. sulfate-fertilized plants produced maximum yield compared to urea-fertilized ones, which companied with high level of nitrate content (up to 942.6 and 604.5 mg Kg -1 FW in spinach and parsley, respectively). Application of 5 µM of SA reduced nitrate content by about 18 and 10 % in A. sulfate-fertilized plants and by 50 and 7 % in ureafertilized plants, in both spinach and parsley, respectively. Under field conditions, using only urea fertilizer, nitrate was decreased to minimum levels, 679.0 and 395.6 mg kg -1 FW, in spinach and parsley, sprayed with 20 and 5 µM-SA, respectively. This reduction was associated with induction of nitrate reductase (NRase) activity. The maximum percentage of NRase activity over control (74%) was recorded in spinach treated with 20 µM of SA and reached to 60 % in parsley treated with 5 µM-SA. Also, spraying of SA increased marketable yield, vitamin C and total free amino acids contents in both tested leafy vegetables. It was concluded that, SA application preserved nitrate content in safe limit for human consumption.

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“…N leaching from agricultural soils is a major pathway leading to the loss of fertilizer N and is a major source of water pollution (Phillips & Burton, ; Kettering et al ., ; Blicher‐Mathiesen et al ., ). Researches have confirmed that maintaining high NUE would minimize the amount of N subject to leaching (Gerwing et al ., ; Luo et al ., ; Canalia et al ., ). N leaching can therefore be minimized by either reducing N fertilizer rates or increasing the proportion of applied N removed in the harvested portion of the crop (Meng et al ., ; Noulas et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nursery‐Box Total Fertilization Technology (NBTF) Application for Increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Chinese Irrigated Riceland: N–Soil Interactions

et al. 2015

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High N fertilizer and flooding irrigation applied to rice in anthropogenic-alluvial soil often result in N leaching and low use efficiency of applied fertilizer N from the rice field in Ningxia irrigation region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Sound N management practices need to be established to improve N use efficiency while sustaining high grain yield levels and minimize fertilizer N loss to the environment. We investigated the effects of Nursery Box Total Fertilization technology (NBTF) on N leaching at different rice growing stages, N use efficiency and rice yield in 2010 and 2011. The four fertilizer N treatments were 300 kg N ha À1 (CU, Conventional treatment of urea at 300 kg N ha À1 ), 120 kg N ha À1 (NBTF120, NBTF treatment of controlled-release N fertilizer at 120 kg N ha À1 ), 80 kgN ha À1 (NBTF80, NBTF treatment of controlled-release N fertilizer at 80 kg N ha À1 ) and no N fertilizer application treatment (CK). The results showed that the NBTF120 treatment increased N use efficiency, maintained crop yields and substantially reduced N losses to the environment. Under the CU treatment, the rice yield was 9634 and 7098 kg ha À1 , the N use efficiency was 31·6% and 34·8% and the leaching losses of TN were 44·51 and 39·89 kg ha À1 ; NH 4 + -N was 5·26 and 5·49 kg ha À1 , and NO 3 À -N was 27·94 and 26·22 kg ha À1 during the rice whole growing period in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Compared with CU, NBTF120 significantly increased the N use efficiency and decreased the N losses from the paddy field. Under NBTF120, the N use efficiency was 56·3% and 51·4%, which was 24·7% and 16·6% higher than that of CU, and the conventional fertilizer application rate could be reduced by 60% without lowering the rice yield while decreasing the leaching losses of TN by 16·27 and 14·36 kg ha À1 , NH 4 + -N by 0·90 and 1·84 kg ha À1 , NO 3 À -N by 110·6 and 10·14 kg ha À1 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Our results indicate that the CU treatment resulted in relatively high N leaching losses, and that alternative practice of NBTF which synchronized fertilizer application with crop demand substantially reduced these losses. We therefore suggest the NBTF120 be a fertilizer application alternative which leads to high food production but low environmental impact.

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Alternative strategies for nitrogen fertilization of overwinter processing spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Southern Italy

Cited by 23 publications

References 22 publications

The effects of different water and nitrogen levels on yield, water and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.)

The effects of different water and nitrogen levels on yield, water and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.)

Reduction of Nitrate Content in Response to Salicylic Acid in Spinach and Parsley Fertilized with Two Different N-Sources

Nursery‐Box Total Fertilization Technology (NBTF) Application for Increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Chinese Irrigated Riceland: N–Soil Interactions

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