Alternatives to Using Human Experience in Assessing Health Risks

Chemicals and Cancer in Humans: First Evidence in Experimental Animals

“…Those chemicals identified as being causally associated with cancers in humans have all been shown to produce cancer in laboratory animals; in every instance at least one site ofcancer was common to both mammalian species (13)(14)(15). This knowledge together with patent similarities in mechanisms ofcarcinogenesis across species (16)(17)(18)(19) led to the scientific logic that chemicals shown clearly to be carcinogenic in animals (13)(14)(15)20,21) should be considered as being likely to present cancer risks to humans (2,4 Rall, I have taken the opportunity to reread many ofhis papers and have selected quotations from his works to emphasize the breadth and freshness of his vision, as well as to strengthen and complement the theme of my paper.…”

Multicomponent Criteria for Predicting Carcinogenicity: Dataset of 30 NTP Chemicals

“…In our view, except in rare cases these predictions, while being intellectually interesting and enjoyable, do not and likely will not replace eventual in vivo testing (2,4,6,14,19,21,22). We offer here a few examples of chemicals that were tested although there was no way to anticipate the results.…”

Absence of Morphologic Correlation between Chemical Toxicity and Chemical Carcinogenesis

“…For those chemicals identified as being causally associated with cancers in humans, all have been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals (10,11) with at least one site of cancer being common to both mammalian subspecies (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). This knowledge, together with patent similarities in mechanisms of carcinogenesis across species, led to the scientific and public health logic that chemicals shown relevance, and use of various practical or mechanistic assumptions or data in risk assessments of chemical carcinogens (34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46).…”