“…Unknown is whether the Tibetans’ improved tissue O 2 diffusion and utilization (Holden et al, 1995; Simonson et al, 2015) also occur with lifelong residence. With respect to comparisons among native high-altitude populations, the relatively small number of studies in Ethiopian highlanders makes three-way comparisons difficult but several comprehensive reviews of Andeans and Tibetans have been published (Beall et al, 1990; Bigham and Lee, 2014; Gilbert-Kawai et al, 2014; Holden et al, 1995; Moore, 2001; Moore et al, 1998b; Simonson, 2015; Simonson et al, 2015; Winslow et al, 1989). To summarize, Tibetans compared to Andeans have higher V E at rest and during exercise, marginally lower lung volumes and diffusing capacities, similar levels of SaO 2 , lower Hb concentrations, less hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and hence lower Ppa pressures (Figure 4B), and perhaps better preservation of cardiac function, exercise performance, O 2 diffusion to the muscle and tissue O 2 utilization.…”