Altitude and Heat Training in Preparation for Competitions in the Heat: A Case Study

Carr, Amelia J.; Saunders, Philo U.; Garvican-Lewis, Laura A; Vallance, Brent

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0292

Cited by 7 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Indeed, case studies are the more common research design to feature these athletes, yielding valuable information about the top-end of athletic performance. [30][31][32] In Figure 1, we show the interaction between these classification tiers, training volume/physical activity level, performance standards, research design, and the population density of each tier.…”

Section: A New Paradigm For Participant Training and Performance Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework

McKay¹,

Stellingwerff²,

Smith³

et al. 2022

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

1,072

529

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Throughout the sport-science and sports-medicine literature, the term “elite” subjects might be one of the most overused and ill-defined terms. Currently, there is no common perspective or terminology to characterize the caliber and training status of an individual or cohort. This paper presents a 6-tiered Participant Classification Framework whereby all individuals across a spectrum of exercise backgrounds and athletic abilities can be classified. The Participant Classification Framework uses training volume and performance metrics to classify a participant to one of the following: Tier 0: Sedentary; Tier 1: Recreationally Active; Tier 2: Trained/Developmental; Tier 3: Highly Trained/National Level; Tier 4: Elite/International Level; or Tier 5: World Class. We suggest the Participant Classification Framework can be used to classify participants both prospectively (as part of study participant recruitment) and retrospectively (during systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses). Discussion around how the Participant Classification Framework can be tailored toward different sports, athletes, and/or events has occurred, and sport-specific examples provided. Additional nuances such as depth of sport participation, nationality differences, and gender parity within a sport are all discussed. Finally, chronological age with reference to the junior and masters athlete, as well as the Paralympic athlete, and their inclusion within the Participant Classification Framework has also been considered. It is our intention that this framework be widely implemented to systematically classify participants in research featuring exercise, sport, performance, health, and/or fitness outcomes going forward, providing the much-needed uniformity to classification practices.

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Section: A New Paradigm For Participant Training and Performance Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework

McKay¹,

Stellingwerff²,

Smith³

et al. 2022

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

1,072

529

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The remaining sessions were selected at the athlete's discretion to accommodate current fitness levels, residual fatigue, and training goals. All training was monitored by the research team and recorded in a training diary, with the athletes on average completing approximately 13.5 hr of training per week (including resistance training) and covering approximately 138 km/week, which is representative of the typical volumes performed by elite male race walkers (Burke et al, 2017, Carr et al, 2020. After the 2-week intervention period, the 3-day "race preparation diet" was repeated, which this time was in accordance with their prescribed dietary intervention goals.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustained Exposure to High Carbohydrate Availability Does Not Influence Iron-Regulatory Responses in Elite Endurance Athletes

McKay

Peeling

Pyne

et al. 2021

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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This study implemented a 2-week high carbohydrate (CHO) diet intended to maximize CHO oxidation rates and examined the iron-regulatory response to a 26-km race walking effort. Twenty international-level, male race walkers were assigned to either a novel high CHO diet (MAX = 10 g/kg body mass CHO daily) inclusive of gut-training strategies, or a moderate CHO control diet (CON = 6 g/kg body mass CHO daily) for a 2-week training period. The athletes completed a 26-km race walking test protocol before and after the dietary intervention. Venous blood samples were collected pre-, post-, and 3 hr postexercise and measured for serum ferritin, interleukin-6, and hepcidin-25 concentrations. Similar decreases in serum ferritin (17–23%) occurred postintervention in MAX and CON. At the baseline, CON had a greater postexercise increase in interleukin-6 levels after 26 km of walking (20.1-fold, 95% CI [9.2, 35.7]) compared with MAX (10.2-fold, 95% CI [3.7, 18.7]). A similar finding was evident for hepcidin levels 3 hr postexercise (CON = 10.8-fold, 95% CI [4.8, 21.2]; MAX = 8.8-fold, 95% CI [3.9, 16.4]). Postintervention, there were no substantial differences in the interleukin-6 response (CON = 13.6-fold, 95% CI [9.2, 20.5]; MAX = 11.2-fold, 95% CI [6.5, 21.3]) or hepcidin levels (CON = 7.1-fold, 95% CI [2.1, 15.4]; MAX = 6.3-fold, 95% CI [1.8, 14.6]) between the dietary groups. Higher resting serum ferritin (p = .004) and hotter trial ambient temperatures (p = .014) were associated with greater hepcidin levels 3 hr postexercise. Very high CHO diets employed by endurance athletes to increase CHO oxidation have little impact on iron regulation in elite athletes. It appears that variations in serum ferritin concentration and ambient temperature, rather than dietary CHO, are associated with increased hepcidin concentrations 3 hr postexercise.

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“…Prior to major international championship events, national sporting organizations typically coordinate team holding camps in similar environmental conditions to those expected for the championship ( Maughan, 1997 ; Arnold et al, 2015 ). Preparation camps for endurance athletes often comprise a combination of key high-intensity sessions, and lower intensity and longer duration endurance sessions, and present opportunities to profile athletes’ physiological parameters immediately prior to important international championships ( Pugliese et al, 2014 ; Tønnessen et al, 2014 ; Carr et al, 2020 ; Racinais et al, 2021 ). Additionally, preparation camps provide opportunities to adapt and refine intervention strategies under the guidance of appointed team staff ( Maughan, 1997 ; Arnold et al, 2015 ; Mujika et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The postponed 2021 Tokyo Olympic Games incurred further changes to the planned dates and locations of camps due to the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of travel bans, restricted access to training venues and requirements for physical distancing ( Fabre et al, 2020 ; Mulcahey et al, 2021 ; Shimizu et al, 2021 ). Australian athletes competing in race walking and marathon events faced the challenge of preparing in the cool conditions in the southern states of Australia in July and August 2021 for the hot, humid conditions forecast in Sapporo ( Takayama et al, 2020 ; Carr et al, 2020 ; Wu et al, 2020 ; Seo and Honjo, 2021 ). Further, restricted access to the Sapporo Olympic Village due to COVID-19 meant that in some cases athletes could access their event location only several days prior to their events, in contrast to the several weeks’ training typically performed near race venues in a regular Olympic schedule ( Carr et al, 2020 ; International Olympic Committee, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Australian athletes competing in race walking and marathon events faced the challenge of preparing in the cool conditions in the southern states of Australia in July and August 2021 for the hot, humid conditions forecast in Sapporo ( Takayama et al, 2020 ; Carr et al, 2020 ; Wu et al, 2020 ; Seo and Honjo, 2021 ). Further, restricted access to the Sapporo Olympic Village due to COVID-19 meant that in some cases athletes could access their event location only several days prior to their events, in contrast to the several weeks’ training typically performed near race venues in a regular Olympic schedule ( Carr et al, 2020 ; International Olympic Committee, 2021 ). The specific strategies adopted during preparation camps in response to the unique challenges of the Tokyo Olympic Games have yet to be comprehensively documented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Competing in Hot Conditions at the Tokyo Olympic Games: Preparation Strategies Used by Australian Race Walkers

Carr

Vallance

Rothwell³

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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IntroductionThe Tokyo 2021 Olympic Games was anticipated to expose athletes to the most challenging climatic conditions experienced in the history of the modern Olympic Games. This study documents strategies executed by Australian endurance athletes during the team holding camp and Olympic Games experiences, including (1) baseline physiological data, training data, and heat acclimation/acclimatization practices; (2) pre- and in-race cooling and nutritional strategies, and (3) Olympic Games race performance data.MethodsSix athletes (three males, three females; age 24 ± 4 years; VO2max 63.2 ± 8.7 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1; sum of 7 skinfolds 53.1 ± 23.4 mm) were observed prior to and during the team holding camp held in Cairns, QLD, Australia. Athletes completed 6–7 weeks of intermittent heat acclimation training, utilizing a combination of 2–4 passive and active acclimation sessions per week. Active acclimation was systematically increased via exposure time, exercise intensity, temperature, and humidity. In the team holding camp, athletes undertook a further 23 heat acclimatization training sessions over 18 days in a continuous fashion. Hyperhydration (using sodium and glycerol osmolytes), and internal and external pre-and in-race cooling methods were also utilized. A low energy availability intervention was implemented with two athletes, as a strategy to periodize ideal race body composition. Race performance data and environmental conditions from the 2021 Olympic Games were also documented.ResultsThe highest values for aerobic capacity were 63.6 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1 for female race walkers and 73.7 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1 for males. Training volume for the six athletes was the highest in the second week of the team holding camp, and training intensity was lowest in the first week of the team holding camp. Performance outcomes included 6th place in the women’s 20 km event (1:30:39), which was within 2% of her 20 km personal best time, and 8th place in the men’s 50 km event (3:52:01), which was a personal best performance time.ConclusionPeriodized training, heat acclimation/acclimatization, cooling and nutritional strategies study may have contributed to the race outcomes in Olympic Games held hot, humid conditions, for the race walkers within this observational study.

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Altitude and Heat Training in Preparation for Competitions in the Heat: A Case Study

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework

Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework

Sustained Exposure to High Carbohydrate Availability Does Not Influence Iron-Regulatory Responses in Elite Endurance Athletes

Competing in Hot Conditions at the Tokyo Olympic Games: Preparation Strategies Used by Australian Race Walkers

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