Alum-ragweed precipitate: Preparation and clinical investigation

Zoss, Albert R.; Koch, Carl A.; Hirose, Ruby

doi:10.1016/s0021-8707(37)90140-0

Cited by 25 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Al ADJ was first introduced into allergy vaccines in 1937 [19]. Since, several authors investigated different aluminium forms, such as aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ), aluminium phosphate (AlPO 4 ), or aluminium monostearate [20], with focus on precipitation capacity and depot effects of the adjuvants [21].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aluminium in Allergies and Allergen immunotherapy

Jensen‐Jarolim

2015

World Allergy Organization Journal

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Aluminium is a hot topic in the current debate. Exposure occurs due to environmental, dietary and intentional exposure to aluminium, such as in vaccines where it was introduced in 1926. In spite of the fact that it is a typical Th2 adjuvant, aluminium redirects the immune response in systemic allergen immunotherapy (SIT) upon prolonged immunization. SIT in the US, and SLIT in general, are at present non-adjuvanted therapies, but in Europe aluminium is used as adjuvant in most SIT preparations. It enhances the safety of SIT by local deposition of the allergen. Undesired properties of aluminium adjuvants comprise acute and chronic inflammation at the injection site, its Th2 immune stimulatory capacity, its accumulation besides biodistribution in the body. The adjuvant and safety profile of aluminium adjuvants in allergy vaccines are discussed, as well as the need for putting modern delivery systems and adjuvants on the fast track.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aluminium in Allergies and Allergen immunotherapy

Jensen‐Jarolim

2015

World Allergy Organization Journal

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“…aluminium hydroxide), which keep the allergens at the injection site, increase the immunogenicity of the allergy vaccines and reduce the risk of systemic side-effects [73,74]. Furthermore, adjuvant-bound allergens induce higher levels of allergen-specific IgG antibodies than aqueous extracts.…”

Section: Past and Present Attempts For The Improvement Of Allergen-spmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in allergen‐specific immunotherapy: from allergen extracts to allergy vaccines bypassing allergen‐specific immunoglobulin E and T cell reactivity

Focke

Swoboda

Marth

et al. 2010

Clin Experimental Allergy

101

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SummaryAllergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only specific and disease-modifying approach for the treatment of allergy but several disadvantages have limited its broad applicability. We argue that the majority of the possible disadvantages of SIT such as unwanted effects, poor efficacy and specificity as well as inconvenient application are related to the poor quality of natural allergen extracts, which are the active ingredients of all currently available allergy vaccines. Because of the progress made in the field of molecular allergen characterization, new allergy vaccines based on recombinant allergens, recombinant hypoallergenic allergen derivatives and allergen-derived T cell peptides have entered clinical testing and hold promise to reduce the side-effects and to increase the specificity as well as the efficacy of SIT. Here, we present a refined immunotherapy concept, which is based on the use of peptides derived from allergen surfaces that exhibit reduced, allergen-specific IgE as well as T cell reactivity. These peptides when fused to non-allergenic carriers give rise to allergen-specific protective IgG responses with T cell help from a non-allergenic carrier molecule. We summarize the experimental data demonstrating that such peptide vaccines can bypass allergen-specific IgE as well as T cell activation and may be administered at high doses without IgE-and T cell-mediated side-effects. Should these peptide vaccines prove efficacious and safe in clinical trials, it may become possible to develop convenient, safe and broadly applicable forms of SIT as true alternatives to symptomatic, drug-based allergy treatment.

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“…The occurrence of severe anaphylactic side‐effects caused by the injection of aqueous allergen extracts and the necessity to administer a great number of injections over long periods prompted the development of safe and efficacious allergen formulations. More than 60 years ago aluminium‐hydroxide‐adsorbed allergen extracts were introduced for depot vaccination, showing improved immune stimulatory as well as reduced anaphylactic properties 2,3 . Even today, aluminium hydroxide is, despite its T helper 2 (Th2)‐driving potential by far the most common and a very safe adjuvant for injection immunotherapy in humans 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate‐based particles: a new adjuvant for allergen‐specific immunotherapy

et al. 2002

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Summary The occurrence of systemic anaphylactic side‐effects in the course of allergen‐specific immunotherapy has been strongly reduced by the adsorption of allergens to aluminium hydroxide, the most frequently used adjuvant in humans. Using the major timothy grass pollen allergen, Phl p 5b, in its recombinant form for immunization of mice, we demonstrate that carbohydrate‐based particles (CBP) exhibit several potential advantages over aluminium‐hydroxide as adjuvant for immunotherapy. Similar to alum‐bound rPhl p 5b, CBP‐bound rPhl p 5b induced a stronger antibody and cytokine response than unbound rPhl p 5b after subcutaneous injection in mice. The antibodies induced by CBP‐bound rPhl p 5b, exhibited potentially beneficial activities as they cross‐reacted with group 5 allergens from five other grass species and inhibited the binding of grass pollen allergic patients IgE to Phl p 5b. Alum‐bound rPhl p 5b induced a preferential allergen‐specific Th2‐response characterized by high immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody levels and elevated interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐5 production in cultured splenocytes. By contrast, CBP‐bound rPhl p 5b, but not rPhl p 5b alone or coadministered with CBP, induced a mixed allergen‐specific T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 immune response characterized by the additional production of allergen‐specific IgG2a/b antibody responses and elevated interferon‐γ production. Conjugation of rPhl p 5b to CBP yielded a stable vaccine formulation with preserved immunogenic features of the allergen and, in contrast to alum, induced no granulomatous tissue reactions. Based on these results, CBP is suggested as a potentially useful adjuvant for specific immunotherapy of IgE‐mediated allergies.

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Alum-ragweed precipitate: Preparation and clinical investigation

Cited by 25 publications

References 6 publications

Aluminium in Allergies and Allergen immunotherapy

Aluminium in Allergies and Allergen immunotherapy

Developments in allergen‐specific immunotherapy: from allergen extracts to allergy vaccines bypassing allergen‐specific immunoglobulin E and T cell reactivity

Carbohydrate‐based particles: a new adjuvant for allergen‐specific immunotherapy

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