Aluminum as a Possible Cause Toward Dyslipidemia

Abstract

Aluminum, the third most abundant metal present in the earth’s crust, is present almost in all daily commodities we use, and exposure to it is unavoidable. The interference of aluminum with various biochemical reactions in the body leads to detrimental health effects, out of which aluminum-induced neurodegeneration is widely studied. However, the effect of aluminum in causing dyslipidemia cannot be neglected. Dyslipidemia is a global health problem, which commences to the cosmic of non-communicable diseases. The interference of aluminum with various iron-dependent enzymatic activities in the tri-carboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain results in decreased production of mitochondrial adenosine tri-phosphate. This ultimately contributes to oxidative stress and iron-mediated lipid peroxidation. This mitochondrial dysfunction along with modulation of α-ketoglutarate and L-carnitine perturbs lipid metabolism, leading to the atypical accumulation of lipids and dyslipidemia. Respiratory chain disruption because of the accumulation of reduced nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide as a consequence of oxidative stress and the stimulatory effect of aluminum exposure on glycolysis causes many health issues including fat accumulation, obesity, and other hepatic disorders. One major factor contributing to dyslipidemia and enhanced pro-inflammatory responses is estrogen. Aluminum, being a metalloestrogen, modulates estrogen receptors, and in this world of industrialization and urbanization, we could corner down to metals, particularly aluminum, in the development of dyslipidemia. As per PRISMA guidelines, we did a literature search in four medical databases to give a holistic view of the possible link between aluminum exposure and various biochemical events leading to dyslipidemia.

Co-exposure to aluminium and cadmium mediates postpartum maternal variation in brain architecture and behaviour of mice; involvement of oxido-nitrergic and cholinergic mechanisms

“…Al has been regarded as a metalostrogen and is said to rely on a possibly dyslipidaemia mechanism for its induction of estrogen increase. According to Darbre, (2006) [64] and Gaur et al (2023) [65] Al is known to alter sexual and metabolic mechanism thereby promoting adipogenic environment which eventually favours estrogen increase within the system. This explanation is linkable to the results this study owing to the signi cant rise in the body weight of the Al and Cd exposed groups and the concomitant increases in serum estrogen levels of the postpartum mice [66, 67, 68, 69].…”